知 (1)	zhī\nTo know, to understand; to know how to; knowledge.	L01	111 (矢, “arrow”)
命 (2)	mìng\n1. To command; a command.\n*2. Fate; lifespan.\n\nNote: What Heaven or the gods command for you is your fate. They also command your lifespan.	L01	30 (口, “mouth”)
者 (3)	zhĕ\nA grammatical particle; see 1.3 and 7.4 for explanations.	L01	125 (老, “old”)
上 (4)	bù, bú\nNot.\n\n上 always negates verbs or adjectives, so always expect a verb or adjective following it (although see also 1.1 below).	L01	1 (一, “one”)
怨 (5)	yuàn\nTo resent; resentment, grievance.\n\nCharacters with the heart radical are often verbs of emotion or thinking. 怨 usually describes the bitterness, sadness, and anger that result from being treated unfairly.	L01	61 (心, “heart”)
天 (6)	tiān\nSky, heavens.\n\nOften used in a generalized sense for the Powers that Be.	L01	37 (大, “big”)
己 (7)	jĭ\nOneself; self, ego.\n\nUsually this character appears as the direct object of a verb (as in the text of this lesson) or as a possessive adjective (i.e., 上怨己命 “to not resent one’s own fate”). Do not confuse it with 247, 已 (“already”, “to end”).	L01	49 (己)
人 (8)	rén\n*1. Person, people, human beings.\n*2. Others, other people.\n\nAntonym (in meaning #2): 己.	L01	9 (人)
禍 (9)	huò\nDisaster, misfortune, bad luck.\n\nNote the compressed version of the radical on the left side. Characters with this radical frequently have something to do with religious ceremonies or phenomena with a supernatural agency.	L01	113 (示, “to show”)
生 (10)	shēng\n*1. To be born, to arise from; to give birth to; to be alive; to raise; to grow; alive; life.\n2. [polite suffix] Master, Mister.\n\nNote that the subject of the verb can be the thing that produces, or the thing that is produced. For example: 人生, “A person is born” (or “a person lives/ is alive”), 怨生禍, “Resentment gives birth to disaster.”	L01	100 (生)
於 (11)	yú\n[A multipurpose preposition.]\n\nThis is one of the most common characters in classical; another character, 于, is often used interchangeably with it. Translate based on the context (see 1.4).	L01	70 (方, “square”)
欲 (12)	yù\nTo desire, to want, to want to; desires, wants.\n\nIn later literary Chinese, this character could also mark a future action (“about to”). For that reason, 欲生 would come to mean (for example) “wish to give birth” or “was about to give birth.”	L01	76 (欠, “to owe”)
得 (13)	dé\n*1. To get, to obtain; gain, profit.\n2. To succeed in, to be able to [accompanies other verb].\n\nExample of usage #2: 得生, “to succeed in being alive,” “to succeed in being born.” (Compare this to vernacular usage in English: “Did you get to go to the store yesterday?”)	L01	60 (ㄔ, “to step with the left foot”)
福 (14)	fú\nGood fortune, prosperity.\n\nAntonym: 禍 (9).	L01	113 (示)
自 (15)	zì\n*1. Oneself; personally, naturally, spontaneously.\n2. From [used to indicate movement away from].\n\nIn meaning #1, 自 is sometimes used to put special emphasis on the subject. For example, 自知 usually means “to know [something] oneself.” Contrast this with 知己, “to know oneself” (although see also Lesson 14, 1a). Writers are sometimes rather vague about using 自 and 己; context should be your guide. Meaning #2 (usually translated in English as the preposition “from”) is actually a kind of coverb (see 1.5 for an explanation of this term).	L01	132 (自)
禁 (16)	jìn\nTo control, to prohibit, to restrain.	L01	113 (示)
聖 (17)	shèng\nSage, wise person, saint; sagely; wise.\n\nIn Confucianism, the word is applied to the very greatest men, Confucius especially. In Buddhism, it can refer to the Buddha, or to Bodhisattvas.	L01	128 (耳, “ear”)
以 (18)	yĭ\n*1. With, by means of (coverb).\n2. In order to (conjunction).\n\nFor more on this very common and troublesome character, see 1.5 and 1.6 below.	L01	9 (人)
心 (19)	xīn\nHeart, mind, state of mind, attitude.\n\nIn Chinese culture, the heart is the source of both emotions and thinking.	L01	61 (心)
導 (20)	dăo\nTo lead.\n\nThis character could be interpreted as the verbal equivalent of 道, “road,” “path” – in other words, “to show [someone] the road.”	L01	41 (寸, “thumb”)
耳 (21)	ĕr\n*1. Ear.\n2. [sentence completion particle]: “and that is all”; “and that is the end of it.”\n\nThe second meaning is a “phonetic fusion” of the two characters 而已; both usages will be encountered later.	L01	128 (耳)
目 (22)	mù\nEye; to look at, to glare at.	L01	109 (目)
小 (23)	xiăo\nLittle, petty, insignificant; to consider small, to scorn.\n\nThe expression 小人 (found frequently in Confucian writing, but in other places as well) refers to a person with mean, egotistical instincts who only cares about himself and his own comforts.	L01	42 (小)
為 (24)	wéi (1, 3); weì (2)\n*1. To do, to make, to be, to become.\n2. For the sake of, because of, on behalf of [see 4.2]\n3. [Marks a passive sentence pattern; see 31.11]\n\nThis is one of the most common words in literary Chinese. Meanings 2 and 3 will be encountered and explained later, so don’t worry about them now!	L01	87 (爪, “claw”)
善 (25)	shàn\n*1. Good, excellent, virtuous; good [thing]; excellent [thing].\n2. To be good or skilled at [something].\n\nThis character either refers to virtuous moral behavior or to talent and skill. Don’t confuse it with 喜 (46).	L01	30 (口)
報 (26)	bào\n*1. To repay, to reward; repayment.\n2. To avenge; revenge.\n3. Report; to report.\n\nWhile generally referring to the idea of repayment, this can either imply reward for good things or forms of revenge or vengeance. It often refers to heavenly justice.	L01	32 (土, “earth”)
德 (27)	dé\n*1. Virtue, power.\n2. Good deed; to do a good deed.\n\nAlthough in most literary Chinese texts this character refers to the modern sense of “virtue”, in early texts it sometimes implies inner (almost magical) power or charisma. Some scholars have argued that it is the power one possesses to make another obliged or grateful to oneself (and this in turn led to meaning #2). One of the names of the Lăozĭ 老子 is Dàodéjīng 道德經, “the Classic of the Way and its Power.”	L01	60 (彳)
君 (28)	jūn\n*1. Ruler, lord.\n2. [polite-second person pronoun; compare Elizabethan English “My Lord . . .”]	L02	30 (口)
子 (29)	zĭ\n*1. Son, child.\n2. Master [polite suffix, like 生: 10-2].\n3. You [pronoun].\n4. “Viscount” [a feudal title; see below, 4.1].	L02	39 (子)
君子 (28a)	jūn zĭ\nSon of a lord; a gentleman, a superior man.\n\nFrom Confucius on, this term increasingly came to refer to men of superior moral standards and intellect. Often used as an antonym to 小人.	L02	 
有 (30)	yŏu\n*1. To possess, to own, to have; possession.\n2. Being, existence; to exist, to be [in a place or among a group].\n\nThe second group of meanings represent existence of something within a group or at a location; for example, 有憂 could simply be translated as “there is worry.” 君子有善人 could be translated as “among gentlemen there are virtuous men.”	L02	74 (月, “moon”)
終 (31)	zhōng\nTo end, to die; ending; finally.\n\nWhen meaning “to die,” it usually implies natural causes, after a full life (e.g., 君得終, “the ruler succeeded in living out his natural lifespan”).	L02	120 (糸, “silk floss”)
身 (32)	shēn\nBody, the self, oneself; personally, on one’s own.\n\nSometimes it is difficult to tell whether the author intends an emphasis on the physical body one possesses, or whether he/she means it in an abstract sense. Synonym (“oneself”): 自 (15).	L02	158 (身)
終身 (31a)	zhōng shēn\nAll one’s life, to the end of one’s life.	L02	 
之 (33)	zhī\n*1. [A particle that connects nouns or noun clauses.] See discussion in 2.1.\n2. [Direct object pronoun] him, her, it, them.\n3. Verb: to go.\n\nThis is easily the most common character in literary Chinese. It has three chief uses, all of which you should learn thoroughly. Beware! Meaning #3 is fairly common, but rare compared to the other two meanings. Consequently, it is quite typical for readers to overlook it when it occurs (it occurs for the first time in our texts in Lesson 6, and once each in Lessons 25 and 27).	L02	4 (丿)
憂 (34)	yōu\nWorry, anxiety, concern; to worry [about].	L02	61 (心)
而 (35)	ér\nBut, and, then.\n\nThis word only connects two verbs. Its meaning is often very vague; see 2.3.	L02	126 (而)
無 (36)	wú\n*1. To not have; non-possession.\n2. Non-existence, nothingness; to not exist.\n3. “Don’t . . .” [negative imperative].\n\nThis verb is the opposite of 有. Note that unlike 上, which is only an adverb and must precede a verb, 無 (in meanings #1 and #2) is a verb in itself. Meaning #3 is actually a substitute for the “proper” negative imperative, 毋. This usage will not occur until Lesson 23.	L02	86 (火, “fire”)
一 (37)	yī\nOne; first; once.\n\nLiterary Chinese usually does not make a distinction between ordinal and cardinal numbers. Context will tell you how to read it.	L02	1 (一)
朝 (38)	zhāo (1-2); cháo (3)\n*1. Morning, dawn.\n2. First day of the lunar month.\n3. [royal or imperial] court; to hold court, to go to court, to summon to court.	L02	74 (月)
一朝 (37a)	yīzhāo\nRight away, immediately, in a brief period of time.	L02	 
患 (39)	huàn\nGrief, misfortune, disaster; to suffer, to worry about [a crisis].\n\nNote that the text is contrasting this more serious character with the milder 憂.	L02	61 (心)
順 (40)	shùn\nTo act in accordance with, to agree with, to obey; favorable.	L02	181 (頁, “leaf of a book”)
道 (41)	dào\n*1. Road, path; skill, method; philosophy; the right way to live.\n2. To speak, to say.\n\nYou probably already know the cultural significance of 道. Although it gave its name to the Taoist (Daoist) religion and philosophy, all Chinese philosophies and religions use “The Way” to indicate the proper path in life.	L02	162 (辵, “walking”)
行 (42)	xíng (1); xìng (2)\n*1. To go, to walk; to act; to conduct [affairs]; to carry out [an action]; to circulate [information, currency, etc.]; to practice, to put into practice.\n2. Behavior; conduct.\n\n行 is one of the most common characters in literary Chinese, and is used for many actions. Most importantly, the basic meaning “to go” extends to ideas of behavior and conduct.	L02	144 (行)
循 (43)	xún\nTo follow, to comply with.\n\nA near synonym for 順 (40). The text uses it here for variety’s sake.	L02	60 (彳)
理 (44)	lĭ\nPrinciples; pattern, rationale; to straighten, to arrange, to put in order.\n\nIn much later Chinese philosophy – the Neo-Confucianism that began in the eleventh century – this character was used to represent the cosmic order and the pattern of things. In the early period, its meaning is somewhat more modest and can mean anything from the stripes on a tiger to the right way to do something. It originally meant “to polish gems in accordance with their veins.”	L02	96 (玉, “jade”)
言 (45)	yán\nTo speak, to say; words, speech.\n\nWhen 言 takes an object, it usually is the topic of speech: 人言禍 “People talk about disaster.”	L02	149 (言)
喜 (46)	xĭ\nTo be happy, to be delighted; to enjoy [something]; joy, pleasure.\n\nDo not confuse with 善 (25).	L02	30 (口)
加 (47)	jiā\n1. To increase.\n2. To participate [in], to be of benefit.\n*3. Increasingly, more.\n4. To apply [to].\n5. Advantage, gain.\n\nThe adverbial usage (“increasingly, more”) may seem a little odd. It functions as a way to express “comparatives” (-er adjectives in English). Other examples: 君子上加小: “The gentleman does not become any smaller.” 小人上加聖: “The petty person does not become any wiser.”	L02	19 (力, “strength”)
易 (48)	yì\n*1. Easy; easily.\n2. Change; to change, to exchange; Book of Changes [Chinese classic].\n\nThe first use is often used with another verb to express the idea “easy to . .” E.g., 易導, “difficult to lead”; 易行, “difficult to carry out”. See also 7.3.	L02	72 (日, “sun”)
怒 (49)	nù\nAngry; anger.	L02	61 (心)
難 (50)	nán (1); nàn (2)\n*1. Difficult, hard to deal with.\n2. Difficulty, problem.\n\nThe verb is often used with another verb to express the idea “difficult to . .” E.g., 難導, “difficult to lead”; 難行, “difficult to carry out” (compare 易 48; see also 7.3).	L02	172 (隹, “short-tailed bird”)
下 (51)	xià\nUnder, below; to go down, to descend, to put down; social inferiors; to give to a social inferior.\n\nThis character can refer to anything “below” something else, or any movement from above to below.	L02	1 (一)
天下 (6a)	tiān xià\n“Under Heaven”, i.e., the world.\n\nHowever, Chinese writers tended to use it to represent all territory under Chinese control, and not necessarily every place in existence. The scholar A. C. Graham has rendered it as “the empire.” Constrast with 國 (57) below.	L02	 
失 (52)	shī\nTo lose, to be remiss, to neglect; loss, failure.	L02	37 (大)
後 (53)	hòu\n*1. Behind, later, subsequently, afterwards; to follow behind; to consider of lesser importance.\n2. Posterity, successor, heir.\n\nThis character can generally refer to anything that is behind something else, or (verbally) a movement towards the rear or a dismissal of something as “secondary” or “less important.”	L02	60 (彳)
而後 (35a)	ér hòu\nAnd then, only then.\n\nThis emphasizes that a first event must happen before a second event can occur.	L02	 
仁 (54)	rén\nKindness, benevolence.\n\nThis is one of the most important Confucian virtues.	L02	9 (人)
義 (55)	yì\n*1. Righteousness, justice; righteous, just.\n2. Principles, ethical principles; principled, upright.\n3. Meaning, significance, main point.\n\nIn Confucian philosophy the first meaning is often linked with 仁; one represents the “softer,” more compassionate side of virtue, the other one the “harder,” more upright side. The second meaning has the broader sense of moral standards or ideals (as in English, when we say “she is a principled person”). The third usage (which developed later than the others) has the vaguest meaning of all, and is sometimes used interchangeably with 意 (556).	L02	123 (羊, “sheep”)
焉 (56)	yān\n*1. [An object pronoun].\n2. How . . .?\n\nIn meaning #1 (by far the most common), this word generally represents a combination of 於 + object pronoun. (examples: “from him”, “to her”, “towards it”, etc.). Sometimes it’s best to translate it as a location pronoun: here or there. In this text, “here” or “from this” would be most appropriate. Meaning #2 will not occur until Lesson 27.	L02	86 (火)
國 (57)	guó\nCountry, state, capital city.\n\nIn ancient China, this character could apply to different concepts. Before the unification of China under the Qín 秦 empire, independent states were called 國 – but at the earliest stage, the term could be applied to the “capital city” of a state (and in fact, states in the early period were more like Greek city-states – a metropolis with a vaguely defined territory around it). In the imperial period, 國 could apply to territory controlled by a member of the royal house or a loyal retainer (“fiefdom”). Basically, all 國 taken together constitute 天下.	L02	31 (囗, “enclosure”)
家 (58)	jiā\n*1. House, household, family.\n2. School of thought.\n\nIn the early period, the term 國家 as a combined term to mean “country” had not quite evolved yet. Rather, 家 is contrasted with 國 to represent either the private realm (family, as opposed to country), or the noble families and clans that ruled the 國. The character itself represents a domestic animal under a roof.	L02	40 (宀, “roof”)
治 (59)	chí (1); zhì (2)\n*1. To govern well, to put in order.\n2. Government, administration.\n\nFor a discussion of the literary Chinese pronunciation of this character, see 2.7 below.	L02	85 (水, “water”)
孝 (60)	xiào\nFilial; filiality, filial piety.\n\nThis is another one of the most important Confucian virtues. 上孝 means “unfilial” or “unfiliality.”	L02	39 (子)
民 (61)	mín\nThe common people.\n\nUsually this describes the people as a group; it is rare to see an individual called a 民, unless his commoner status is being stressed.	L02	83 (氏, “clan,” “family”)
爭 (62)	zhēng\n*1. To vie, to compete, to struggle, to fight.\n2. To try one’s hardest, to be eager to, to vie [with others to accomplish something].\n\nThe second use accompanies another verb and represents the eagerness of people to do something: 民爭為善: “The people struggle to/compete to do good.” (That is, they are all extremely eager to do good).	L02	87 (爪)
分 (63)	fēn (1); fèn (2)\n*1. To divide up, to apportion, to share.\n2. Share, lot, fate.\n\nNote that the knife radical suggests its original meaning: cutting something into pieces and dividing it.	L02	18 (刀, “knife”)
慈 (64)	cí\nCompassion, sympathy; compassionate.	L02	61 (心)
惠 (65)	huì\nCompassion; compassionate.\n\n慈惠is an example of a synonym compound – two words with roughly the same meaning put together, sometimes for emphasis, sometimes to create a symmetrical rhythm. Up to this point in our text, the expression 而後 has been followed by a two-character phrase: first 仁義, then 孝子. Although the author could express his meaning here with only the character 慈, the symmetry of the phrases forces him to insert a synonym.	L02	61 (心)
逆 (66)	nì\nTo go against [the right], to be perverse, to go awry.	L02	162 (辵)
時 (67)	shí\nTime, the times, the era. \n (之) 時 is often used to mark a temporal clause. E.g., 聖人治天下之時，民爭為善, “When a sagely person governs the world, then the people vie to do good.”	L02	72 (日)
反 (68)	făn\n*1. To revolt; to go astray; to be perverse.\n2. To return.\n3. On the contrary, contrary to expectations.\n\nIn all meanings, the idea of a countermotion is implied.	L02	29 (又, “again”)
權 (69)	quán\n1. To weigh, to balance [physical objects].\n*2. Circumstances, contingencies, temporary situation.\n3. Influence, authority, power.	L02	75 (木, “tree”)
謀 (70)	móu\nPlans, schemes, strategy; to plot, to plan; resourceful.\n\nThis word can either have a positive connotation (to make strategies, to consult, to plan) or a negative one (to scheme, to plot). As a verb, it takes as its object either the thing that is being planned (聖人謀善, “The wise person plans a good thing”) or the thing that is being plotted against (小人謀國, “The petty person plotted against the state”).	L02	149 (言)
權謀 (69a)	quán móu\nGrand strategies, provisional plans; resourcefulness.\n\nThis compound obviously derives from the idea of the plans 謀 one develops in certain circumstances 權.	L02	 
萬 (71)	wàn\nTen thousand.	L03	140 (艸)
物 (72)	wù\nThing; physical object.\n\n萬物 (“the ten thousand things”) is a common expression for all the things in the world.	L03	93 (牛, “cow”)
其 (73)	qí\n*1. [Possessive and demonstrative adjective] This; that; these; those; its; his; her; their.\n2. [Vague modal adverb:] Perhaps, probably, should.\n\nThis is another extremely common character in literary Chinese constructions. For details of the first meaning, see 3.1. The second meaning will be encountered and explained later (11.6).	L03	12 (八, “eight”)
本 (74)	bĕn\n[Tree] root; fundamental; basics.\n\nIn Chinese philosophy, 本 is often used to express important things, first things, or the essential nature of things.	L03	75 (木)
百 (75)	băi\nOne hundred.	L03	106 (白, “white”)
事 (76)	shì\n*1. Thing, matter, affair, occupation, job.\n2. To serve, to work for; to employ, to have as a servant.\n\nIn modern Mandarin Chinese, 物 (72) tends to apply to physical objects, while 事 applies to matters, affairs, and abstract things. This holds true to a certain extent in literary Chinese, but there is some confusion of the terms.	L03	6 (亅)
成 (77)	chéng\nTo complete; to accomplish; to perfect; to become.\n\nThis character is quite common both in transitive use (君成德, “The ruler perfects his virtue”) and in intransitive use (德成, “Virtue comes to perfection”).	L03	62 (戈, “spear”)
所 (78)	suŏ\n1. Place, location.\n*2. [Grammatical particle: turns a verb into a direct object.]\n\nThe second use of this character is fairly complicated, and will probably cause you some difficulty. For details, see below at 3.3.	L03	63 (戶, “door”)
在 (79)	zài\nTo be located in [a place]; to be at [a place]; to exist, to be living.	L03	32 (土)
歸 (80)	guī\nTo go home; to give allegiance to; to find refuge with.\n\nThis character expresses the action of going to where one “belongs” (in traditional conception). Rivers 歸 to the sea. Vassals 歸 to their lord. Women 歸 to their husbands’ homes when they get married.	L03	77 (止, “to stop”)
貴 (81)	guì\nValuable, expensive; to value; to treasure.\n\nIn other, later texts, this character indicates members of the nobility and aristocracy.	L03	154 (貝, “cowrie shell” – once used for currency)
愛 (82)	ài\nTo love; to cherish; to begrudge.\n\nThis character usually does not imply “romantic love” as it does in the modern languages.	L03	61 (心)
畏 (83)	wèi\nTo fear; to be in awe of; to respect.	L03	102 (田, “field”)
屋 (84)	wū\nHouse, room.	L03	44 (尸, “corpse,” “body”)
漏 (85)	lòu\nTo leak.	L03	85 (水)
去 (86)	qù\nTo leave, to abandon [transitive]; to leave, to depart [intransitive].	L03	28 (厶)
水 (87)	shuĭ\nWater.\n\nSometimes it is used poetically for “river” (compare English, “the waters of the Nile”).	L03	85 (水)
淺 (88)	qiăn\nShallow.\n\nAs with English, this character can be used literally (“shallow water”) or metaphorically (“shallow feelings”).	L03	85 (水)
魚 (89)	yú\nFish.	L03	195 (魚)
逃 (90)	táo\nTo flee, to escape.	L03	162 (辵)
樹 (91)	shù (1); shŭ (2)\n*1. Tree.\n2. To plant [a tree], to establish.	L03	75 (木)
高 (92)	gāo\nHigh, lofty.	L03	189 (高)
鳥 (93)	niăo\nBird.	L03	196 (鳥)
宿 (94)	sù\n*1. To roost; to lodge, to spend the night; lodging, inn\n2. Previous, former.\n\nAs one might conclude from the usages above, the character can refer both to animals roosting for the night, as well as humans spending the night somewhere (often temporarily). From there, the meaning of “inn” or “lodging” developed.	L03	40 (宀)
厚 (95)	hòu\nThick; generous.	L03	27 (厂, “cliff”)
士 (96)	shì\nKnight; military officer; gentleman; gentry.\n\nThe meaning of this character changes depending on the historical period. At the time of this text, it often refers to a land-owning “middle class,” sometimes warriors, sometimes scholars. Many were literate, and most of the literature and philosophy of the time was produced by them. Socially, they were located between the aristocrats and the rulers on the one side, and the common people on the other.	L03	33 (士)
趨 (97)	qū\nTo hurry; to hasten.	L03	156 (走, “to run”)
禮 (98)	lĭ\nRites, ceremonies; politeness, etiquette, courtesy; polite, courteous.\n\nAnother very important term in Confucian thinking, although English translations often fail to convey this.	L03	113 (示)
忠 (99)	zhōng\nLoyal, faithful; loyalty.	L03	61 (心)
信 (100)	xìn\n*1. Trustworthy, sincere; to believe; faith, trustworthiness.\n2. Truly, actually.	L03	9 (人)
死 (101)	sĭ\nDeath; to die.\n\nFor its special use in the text see below, 3.4.	L03	78 (歹, “bad,” “vicious”)
齊 (102)	qí\n*1. The state of Qi.\n2. To be equal, to be the same.\n\nIn meaning #1, 齊was a state in pre-imperial China, occupying part of the area of Shandong 山東. This is the first of a number of state names you will learn. Because so much of traditional Chinese culture refers back to the early period, you should become familiar with them.	L04	210 (齊)
桓 (103)	huán\nMartial, military.\n\nThis is a relatively uncommon character, used most often in proper names and titles (as in this case).	L04	75 (木)
公 (104)	gōng\n*1. Duke [a feudal title].\n2. [a surname; see Lesson Six for an example]\n3. Master [polite suffix, similar to 生 10-2 and 子 29-2]\n4. You, Sir [polite second person pronoun, similar to 子 29-3]\n\nFor details on feudal titles, see 4.1. Meanings #3 and #4, though quite common, do not occur in our textbook readings.	L04	12 (八)
齊桓公 (102a)	qí huán gōng\nDuke Huan of Qi.\n\nHe reigned from 685 to 643 B.C.E.	L04	 
大 (105)	dà\nGreat, large, important.	L04	37 (大)
臣 (106)	chén\n*1. Minister; subject [of a ruler].\n*2. [first-person pronoun when addressing a superior].\n\nPay special attention to the pronoun use. This is comparable to archaic English usages like “Your Humble Servant.”	L04	131 (臣)
具 (107)	jù\n*1. To prepare.\n2. Utensil, tool.\n3. All, the whole, every [adverb].	L04	12 (八)
酒 (108)	jiŭ\nAlcoholic beverage; [figurative usage] banquet.\n\nThis character has usually been translated as “wine,” but you should keep in mind that alcoholic beverages at this time were probably brewed from grains – i.e., they were closer to beer. Fermented rice beverages (like Japanese sake) and strong distilled beverages did not get made until much later.	L04	164 (酉, “fermented millet”)
期 (109)	qī\n*1. To set an appointment, to choose a time, to set or determine.\n2. To expect, to wait for.	L04	74 (月)
日 (110)	rì\nSun; day, daily.	L04	72 (日)
中 (111)	zhōng (1), zhòng (2)\n*1. Middle, midst.\n2. To hit on target, to strike the middle of.\n\nNote the change of tone in the second, verbal meaning (which is often used in discussions of archery).	L04	2 (丨)
日中 (110a)	rì zhōng\nNoon (“middle of the day”).	L04	 
管 (112)	guăn\nTube; pipe, flute.\n\nHere the character is being used as a person’s surname. In the course of this text you’ll find that you’ll have to learn many characters even though they may only occur as names in the lessons.	L04	118 (竹, “bamboo”)
仲 (113)	zhòng\nThe second in order of birth.\n\nThis character is used most often to differentiate the middle of three siblings, or to indicate an uncle’s age in relation to other uncles. See 113a (仲父) below. However, here it is a personal name.	L04	9 (人)
管仲 (112a)	guǎn zhòng\nGuan Zhong.\n\nA prominent minister of 齊桓公, he became famous as an ideal advisor and strategist, and many anecdotes are told about him. A book of political advice, 管子 Guanzi, is attributed to him, but was probably composed later.	L04	 
至 (114)	zhì\n*1. To arrive.\n2. To go so far as; to reach the point of.\n3. When, when the time came that.\n4. The ultimate, the most, the perfect.\n\nThis is a particularly common character. In addition to its straightforward verbal usage, it has a number of more abstract uses. The second meaning can be used in expressions representing the extent to which an action may be carried out: e.g., 報至死, “he took revenge to the extent of death” – he took revenge even to the extent that he risked death or killed his enemy. The third meaning can be used as a simple time marker: e.g., 至行齊, “when he went to Qi . . .”. The last meaning is used as an adverb to represent the superlative degree of some quality: e.g., 至善, “the most perfect good,” “the highest degree of good.”	L04	133 (至)
舉 (115)	jǔ (1), jù (2)\n*1. To raise, to lift; to mobilize [troops]; to light [a fire].\n2. All, entire, every.	L04	134 (臼)
觴 (116)	shāng\nCup, goblet, drinking cup; to offer a toast.\n\nThe radical of the character suggests that this originally indicated a drinking vessel carved from the horn of an animal.	L04	148 (角, “animal horns”)
飲 (117)	yĭn\nTo drink.\n\nHere, causative: “to make drink”. See 4.3 below.	L04	184 (食, “to eat”)
半 (118)	bàn\nHalf.	L04	24 (十, “ten”)
棄 (119)	qì\nTo abandon, to cast aside, to reject.	L04	75 (木)
曰 (120)	yuē\n*1. To say, to speak.\n2. To be named, to be called.\n\nDo not confuse this character with 日 (110), which is thinner. This verb is most common as an introducer of direct speech, but the second usage is common when introducing names. See 4.4.	L04	73 (曰)
可 (121)	kĕ\nTo be feasible, to be allowable, to be permissible.\n\nAlthough commonly appearing by itself, it typically occurs with a verb as well (see 7.3).	L04	30 (口)
乎 (122)	hū\n*1. [Question particle. Ends a sentence, indicating a question].\n2. [An exclamation particle, indicating surprise or emphasis].\n3. [A dialect substitution for the multipurpose preposition 於].\n\nFor the first (and most typical) meaning, see below, 4.5. The other usages are fairly common as well (#2 is first encountered in Lesson 7, #3 in Lesson Twenty-one), making this a somewhat confusing character for beginning students.	L04	4 (丿)
尊 (123)	duì\nTo reply, to answer.	L04	41 (寸)
聞 (124)	wén\n*1. To hear.\n2. To smell.\n3. Learning, fame, reputation (i.e., “what is heard”).\n\nThis is by far the most common verb for hearing. It is also commonly used (as in this case) to introduce a proverb or a common saying: “I have heard . . .”	L04	128 (耳)
入 (125)	rù\nTo enter.\n\nDo not confuse with 人 (8).	L04	11 (入)
舌 (126)	shé\nTongue.	L04	135 (舌)
出 (127)	chū\nTo go out, to come out, to emerge; to produce, to make come out.	L04	17 (凵, “receptacle”)
計 (128)	jì\nTo plan, to calculate; plans, calculations.	L04	149 (言)
如 (129)	rú\n*1. To resemble, to be like.\n2. To go [to].\n3. If, supposing.\n\nNote that this character has a number of radically different meanings.	L04	38 (女, “female”)
上如 (4a)	bù rú\nTo be not as good as, to not come up to.\n\nSee 4.6 for details on this very common idiomatic expression.	L04	 
笑 (130)	xiào\nTo laugh, to smile.\n\nOften literary Chinese clarifies which meaning is meant by using 大笑 for “laugh” (which will appear in Lesson 6). As a transitive verb, 笑 means “to laugh at [someone/something]”.	L04	118 (竹)
父 (131)	fù\nFather.	L04	88 (父)
仲父 (113a)	zhòng fù\nUncle.\n\nApplied to a “middle” uncle (not the oldest or youngest). In this text, 齊桓公 uses it as a term of respect and affection to his minister, who was “like an uncle” to him. It implies that 管仲was old enough to be his uncle, but not excessively old. It is probably coincidental that 管仲’s personal name was 仲.	L04	 
起 (132)	qĭ\nTo rise; to get up [from sleep].	L04	156 (走)
就 (133)	jiù\n*1. To proceed to, to go to.\n2. To carry out, to accomplish.	L04	43 (尢, “lame”)
坐 (134)	zuò\n*1. To sit; seat, place [at a banquet or meeting].\n2. To try [someone] on criminal charges; to be brought to court [on a charge].\n\nUntil the Sòng 宋 dynasty and the wide use of chairs in China, the Chinese sat cross-legged on mats (as the Japanese have often continued to do). This verb is only used for cross-legged sitting. Meaning #2 (encountered in Lesson 10) is relatively rare.	L04	32 (土)
曾 (135)	zēng (1), céng (2)\n*1. [A surname.]\n2. Once in the past [adverb tense marker].	L05	73 (曰)
曾子 (135a)	zēng zĭ\nMaster Zeng [one of Confucius’ disciples].\n\nNote the meaning of 子 (29-2) when used as a suffix in polite designations.	L05	 
衣 (136)	yī (1), yì (2)\n*1. Clothes, robe.\n*2. To put on clothes, to wear clothes.\n\nNote the tone change associated with the part of speech.	L05	145 (衣)
弊 (137)	bì\nWorn out, tattered.	L05	55 (廾, “joined hands”)
耕 (138)	gēng\nTo plow.	L05	127 (耒, “plow”)
魯 (139)	lŭ\nThe state of Lu.\n\nLocated southwest of Qí 齊 (102), it was most famous as the home state of Confucius and of Confucian studies in general.	L05	195 (魚)
使 (140)	shĭ (1, 3), shì (2)\n*1. To send, to make, to cause.\n2. To go on a mission; emissary, ambassador.\n3. If, supposing.\n\nFor significant grammatical structures using this character, see 5.1 below.	L05	9 (人)
往 (141)	wǎng\nTo go.	L05	60 (彳)
致 (142)	zhì\nTo present; to elicit; to make come; to bring about; to convey.\n\nThis character has a wide range of meanings and may cause you some confusion. One way to interpret it is to see it as the “causative” equivalent of 至, “to arrive” (114). Thus “to present” a gift is to make it arrive at its destination; to elicit an emotion is to make it come; and so forth.	L05	133 (至)
邑 (143)	yì\nDistrict city; county; region.\n\nTowns were often given as temporary fiefdoms to prominent ministers or even simply to men of virtue; the recipients could draw income from its tax revenues.	L05	163 (邑;阝)
請 (144)	qǐng\n*1. To request.\n2. To pay a polite visit to.\n\nThis character can provide some confusion because it can imply both a request for permission to do something and a request that someone else do something. For example: 臣請往魯, “I [your humble minister] request to go to Lu.” 請君往魯, “I request that you, My Lord, go to Lu.” Sometimes only context will make it clear on how to interpret its use.	L05	149 (言)
此 (145)	cǐ\nHere; this, these.\n\nThis is a very common character and refers most often to a place, sometimes to people or things.	L05	77 (止)
修 (146)	xiū\nTo repair, to mend; to regulate; to cultivate.\n\nSometimes this can have a very concrete, matter-of-fact usage, as in this text. However, in expressions such as 修身, “to cultivate the body/self”, it can refer to philosophical cultivation or yogic/ascetic practice. It turns up often in Buddhist writing.	L05	9 (人)
受 (147)	shòu\nTo receive.	L05	29 (又)
復 (148)	fù\n1. Again; moreover.\n2. To return; to repay; to report.\n\nThis character occurs in a wide variety of contexts, usually implying repetition of some sort. As a verb, it represents reciprocation (to return something or to repay something; or to report on a situation, usually after returning from a mission – compare 報, 26). As an adverb, 復 also occurs frequently with the negative 上. However, you should be careful in interpreting it: 復上往 would mean “again does not go” (meaning someone has not come for two times), while 上復往 (much more common) means “does not again go” (i.e., does not go any more).	L05	60 (彳)
又 (149)	yòu\nAgain; moreover.\n\nOften used as a synonym for 復 (148). However, 又 often emphasizes irritation, disgust, or unexpected repetition. With negatives: 又上往 means “again [he] didn’t come!” (He stood us up again!) Perhaps because of the special function of 又 for emphasis, 上又往 does not occur at all.	L05	29 (又)
先 (150)	xiān\nFirst, earlier; first; in front; to be first; to go first; to put first.\n\nThis has much the same range of use as its opposite, 後 (53).	L05	10 (儿, “man”)
先生 (150a)	xiān shēng\nMaster [lit. “first born”].\n\nA polite form of address, somewhat more polite than 生 by itself, which can also be used.	L05	 
非 (151)	fēi\n*1. “Is not,” “it is not the case that . . .” [negative particle].\n2. Wrong.\n\nFor use, see below, 5.3.	L05	175 (非)
求 (152)	qiú\nTo seek, to request, to look for.	L05	85 (水)
則 (153)	zé\nThen.\n\nThis character is often optional and is used to clarify what might otherwise be an unclear relationship between clauses; it is typically found in both “Since . . . then . . .” and “If . . . then . . .” sentences. In our lesson, it is used to emphasize that since 曾子 did not ask for anything, then the messenger can conclude that the town was freely given as a present.	L05	18 (刀)
獻 (154)	xiàn\nTo present, to give, to offer [often to a superior].	L05	94 (犬, “dog”)
奚 (155)	xī\nHow? what? [question word]\n\nFor a brief discussion of question forms, see 5.5 below.	L05	37 (大)
奚為 (155a)	xī wèi\nWhy? [question word]\n\nThis can be interpreted as an inversion of 為奚, “on behalf of what?” with 為 functioning as a coverb (4.2). For inversions, see 5.6 below.	L05	 
予 (156)	yŭ (1), yú (2)\n*1. To give.\n2. I, me [first person pronoun].	L05	6 (亅)
驕 (157)	jiāo\nArrogant, proud, high-spirited; to treat someone arrogantly.	L05	187 (馬, “horse”)
縱 (158)	zòng\nEven if.	L05	120 (糸)
賜 (159)	cì\nTo give [as a present]; gift.\n\nA close synonym to 獻 (154); although 獻 is often a social inferior giving a present to a superior, while 賜 is often a superior granting something to an inferior. Note that 魯君 uses 獻 politely to describe his gift to 曾子, while 曾子 politely uses 賜 for the same gift. 予 (156), on the other hand, is relatively indifferent to social class.	L05	154 (貝)
我 (160)	wŏ\nI, me [first person pronoun].	L05	62 (戈)
也 (161)	yĕ\n[Particle].\n\nIt can place a special emphasis on a phrase. This particle has a number of other functions as well, which we will explore later. For the time being, just think of it as indicating an emphasis.	L05	5 (乙)
能 (162)	néng\nTo be able to, can; to be capable, to be able; ability, talent.	L05	130 (肉, 月, “flesh”)
勿 (163)	wù\nDo not [imperative].\n\nFor details on its use, see 5.7 below.	L05	20 (勹, “package”)
孔 (164)	kŏng\n1. Hole; nostril.\n*2. [Surname].	L05	39 (子)
孔子 (164a)	kŏng zĭ\nMaster Kong [Confucius].\n\nThe Western version of the name actually derives from a latinization of Kŏngfūzĭ 孔夫子, an even more honorific title for the philosopher.	L05	 
參 (165)	cān (1), shēn (2)\n1. To counsel; to consult; to participate.\n*2. [here: a personal name].\n\nThis is a fairly common verb, and you should learn its meanings. However, in this case, the word (in its second pronunciation, shēn) is simply the personal name of 曾子. Obviously Confucius would refer to his own student by his personal name, not by an honorific title.	L05	28 (ㄙ)
足 (166)	zú\n*1. To be sufficient, to be enough; to be competent at.\n2. Foot.\n\nAs an auxiliary verb, the expression 足以 ( “be sufficient to . . .”) is often found; see for further details.	L05	157 (足)
全 (167)	quán\nComplete, preserved; to preserve, to complete.	L05	11 (入)
節 (168)	jié\nJoint [originally, of bamboo]; segment; virtue, chastity, self-restraint; virtuous, chaste.	L05	118 (竹)
趙 (169)	zhào\nThe state (and family) of Zhao.\n\nAt first, one of the major aristocratic clans of the state of 晉 Jìn; later, a feudal state in pre-imperial China, located mostly in modern Shanxi 山西. See 169a below for details.	L06	156 (走)
簡 (170)	jiăn\n1. Bamboo slip, document.\n2. To abridge; to be simple; to examine.\n\nHere, the character is used in a person’s title. Though this is a fairly common character, it does not appear in our texts outside of names.	L06	118 (竹)
趙簡子 (169a)	zhào jiăn zĭ\nViscount Jian of Zhao.\n\nAt this time, the feudal state of 趙 (controlled by the 趙 clan) was part of the larger state of 晉 Jìn. 趙簡子 was one of the greatest military leaders of his clan. In the time of his son, 晉 fell apart into three independent states, 趙 being one of them (see Lesson 14 for more details).	L06	 
兵 (171)	bīng\nWeapons; troops.\n\nThe character originally meant “weapon”, but soon came to apply to soldiers as well.	L06	12 (八)
攻 (172)	gōng\nTo attack.	L06	66 (攴; “to rap”)
令 (173)	lìng\n*1. To command, to make, to allow; an order, a command.\n2. Local magistrate.\n\nSynonym (verb): 使 (140); synonym (noun): 命 (2). There are some differences between使 and 令. 使 is often used specifically to apply to acts of sending (e.g., to send diplomatic missions or emissaries), while 令often refers to commands (from commanders or rulers).	L06	9 (人)
軍 (174)	jūn\nArmy.	L06	159 (軍, “carriage,” “cart”)
敢 (175)	găn\nTo dare to, to have the audacity to; daring, audacious; audacity.\n\nIt normally functions in conjunction with another verb. You will often find it when a social inferior wishes to soften a statement he is making to a superior (“I dare to tell Your Majesty . . .”).	L06	66 (攵)
諫 (176)	jiàn\nTo remonstrate with.\n\nA word with strong political (and later, Confucian) connotations; specifically it is used in situations where a minister or servant feels it his duty to criticize his superior’s actions.	L06	149 (言)
罪 (177)	zuì\nSin, crime, punishment, blame; to commit a crime; to punish, to blame.\n\nNotice the seemingly contradictory meanings – that both the criminal act and the punishment for it can be represented by the same character. Context will usually make the meaning clear.	L06	122 (网, “net”)
披 (178)	pī\nTo drape over the shoulders, to wear on the back.	L06	64 (手,  “hand”)
甲 (179)	jiă\nArmor, suit of armor, coat of armor.	L06	102 (田, “field”)
吊 (180)	míng\nName, reputation, fame; to be named, to be called.	L06	30 (口)
盧 (181)	lú\nLu [a personal name].\n\nYou may often encounter this character as a surname.	L06	108 (皿, “vessel,” “utensil”)
公盧 (104a)	gōng lú\nGong Lu (a proper name).\n Note that 公 is a surname here (104-2), not a feudal title.	L06	 
望 (182)	wàng\nTo gaze at from a distance; to hope, to aspire to, to expect; hopes, aspirations.\n\nThe character moved from its concrete meaning of “gaze at from a distance” to include a more abstract “gazing” – i.e., looking off into the future for what one desires. Here, the concrete meaning is used.	L06	74 (月)
見 (183)	jiàn (1-3), xiàn (4)\n*1. To see.\n2. [marker of the passive voice; see 9.3].\n3. To have an audience with [the ruler], to grant an audience to.\n4. To appear, to be made manifest, to seem [used for 現].	L06	147 (見)
何 (184)	hé\nWhat, how, why [question word].\n\nThis is the most common of all question words. Synonym: 奚 (155). Note that in our text, it is serving either as the adverb “why” (“Why are you laughing?”) or as the direct object of 笑, placed idiomatically before the verb (“What are you laughing at?”). See 5.5.	L06	9 (人)
乃 (185)	năi\nBut, then, just, only then.\n\nThis is a very difficult character to pin down, because its use is heavily modal (that is, it often illustrates a feeling or a mood, and not a precise meaning). In this case, 公盧 means to denigrate his own laughter, so “just” is probably the best translation.	L06	4 (丿)
有以 (30a)	yŏu yĭ\nTo have the means to, to have the wherewithal to.\n\nFollowed by a verb. Its antonym, obviously, is 無以. Pulleyblank points out that this is a contraction of 有所以, “to have that by which” (Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar, p. xx). If that is too complicated for you to grasp easily, it is probably best just to take it as I define it here.	L06	 
解 (186)	jiĕ\nTo untie, to loosen, to get rid of; to solve [a problem]; to break [a siege]; to explain.\n\nThe wide range of meanings for this character all derive from its meaning “to untie” (and hence, to alleviate some difficult situation).	L06	148 (角)
當 (187)	dāng (1-2), dàng (3)\n*1. Occupying [a place or time]; facing.\n2. To be about to [future marker].\n3. Ought, should, must; to accept as suitable.\n\nThis is a character with a wide variety of meanings. We can divide these meanings into three categories: a verbal meaning emphasizing time, occupation or position; an adverbial meaning emphasizing futurity; and an adverbial meaning emphasizing suitability. In the text, the character is used idiomatically with the very common expression 當 X 之時, “occupying the time of X” (i.e., “when”). Its use here is strictly unnecessary, however: X 之時 appears even more often.	L06	102 (田)
桑 (188)	sāng\nMulberry tree, mulberry leaf harvest.\n\nFor the cultural significance of this, see 6.2 below.	L06	75 (木)
鄰 (189)	lín\nNeighbor; neighboring, next; to be a neighbor/next to.\n\nThis character also appears as 隣, in which case it would be classified under radical 170 (阜, which has condensed form 阝 appearing on the left side).	L06	163 (邑)
夫 (190)	fū (1), fú (2-3)\n*1. Man, person, husband\n2. “Now then . . .” [a particle introducing opinion]\n3. This, these, that, those [demonstrative pronoun]	L06	37 (大)
與 (191)	yŭ (1-4); yú (5)\n*1. And.\n*2. With (coverb).\n3. To give.\n4. To belong to, to be a part of (see Lesson 21)\n5. [question particle.]\n\nThis extremely common character has a wide variety of uses. As a conjunction, it only connects nouns, and thus is quite different from 而. As a coverb, it is used to indicate participation of some other person or thing with the subject of the sentence; often it is impossible to distinguish whether the character is best interpreted in such cases to mean “and” or “with” (in this lesson’s text sentence, it could be either). The question particle usage is used as an abbreviation of the character 歟.	L06	134 (臼)
妻 (192)	qī\nWife.	L06	38 (女)
俱 (193)	jū\nAll, together.\n\nDon’t confuse this with 具 (107) (though Chinese writers themselves sometimes used the two characters interchangeably).	L06	9 (人)
田 (194)	tián\nField.	L06	102 (田)
女 (195)	nǚ\n*1. Woman, girl, female, daughter.\n2. Informal second person pronoun (used for 汝  -- 525).\n\nThe second meaning is found mostly in early texts.	L06	38 (女)
因 (196)	yīn\n*1. Thereupon, therefore.\n2. To go through, to make use of, to take advantage of.\n\nThe original meaning of this character seems to be related to the word for “cushion” or “pillow”, which later on was written with the grass radical (茵). Meaning #2 resulted from an abstract derivation of this: someone may “lean” on a previous event or person in order to proceed to the next event, just as one “leans” on a pillow (hence, the coverbal/verbal meaning of 因 to mean “to go through,” “to make use of”). Furthermore, the most common and even more abstract meaning “thereupon” or “therefore” came about from this (an event “leans” upon a previous event in order to occur). Unlike in Mandarin, where this character almost always implies a direct causal connection between two actions (“therefore”), in literary Chinese this character is more often a simple marker of what happens next (“thereupon”).	L06	31 (囗)
追 (197)	zhuī\nTo pursue, to chase, to follow.	L06	162 (辵)
還 (198)	huán (1), xuán (2)\nTo go back, to return, to give something back.\n\nSynonyms: 反 (68), 歸 (80).	L06	162 (辵)
曠 (199)	kuàng\nEmpty, distant; to be alone; to be without a spouse.\n\nNote that 其曠 suggests that the author is thinking of 曠 as a noun: “his single status,” “his loneliness.”	L06	72 (日)
今 (200)	jīn\nNow, at present.	L06	9 (人)
吾 (201)	wú\nI, me [first person pronoun].\n\nAlthough there may have been some difference between 我and 吾 in very early China, you will find essentially no difference in their use in any text you read.	L06	30 (口)
伐 (202)	fā\nTo attack, to do violence to; to cut down [a tree].\n\nSynonym: 攻 (172).	L06	9 (人)
是 (203)	shì\nThis, these.\n\nNote radical difference from modern Mandarin! For more on its use in literary Chinese, see 6.5 below.	L06	72 (日)
於是 (11a)	yú shì\nThereupon [lit. “from this”].\n\nUsed to indicate the next event in a temporal sequence. Synonym: 因 (196).	L06	 
罷 (204)	bà\nTo end, to close, to demobilize [an army], to dismiss.	L06	122 (网)
師 (205)	shī\n*1. Army.\n2. Teacher; to take as one’s teacher.\n\nIn meaning #1, this is a slightly old-fashioned word for “army.” In later times, 軍 (174) is used much more frequently. Also, note that while 師 and 軍 can both be translated as “army”, 兵 (171) refers more to the soldiers themselves and is best translated as “troops”.\n\nIn meaning #2 (first encountered in Lesson 20), the character is usually a noun – but as a verb, it implies the act of taking on or choosing a teacher for oneself. (E.g, 吾師孔子, “I take Confucius as my teacher.”	L06	50 (巾, “napkin,” “kerchief”)
伯 (206)	bó\n1. Senior or elder of a group of brothers – as opposed to 仲 (113), the middle brother.\n2. “Earl” [a feudal title; see above, 4.1].\n\nNote that 伯父, like 仲父, can refer to an uncle. Here, 伯 is part of a name.	L07	9 (人)
牙 (207)	yá\nTooth, tusk.\n\nHere, the character is used as a personal name.	L07	92 (牙)
伯牙子 (206a)	bó yá zĭ\nMaster Bo Ya [name of a famous musician].	L07	 
鼓 (208)	gŭ\n*1. Drum; to drum; to strum [a stringed musical instrument].\n2. To wield, to brandish [usually a sword or a knife].\n\nWhile this character usually refers to drums and the playing of drums, it also came to be used for the idea of strumming with the hand, or swinging a weapon.	L07	207 (鼓)
琴 (209)	qín\nZither, harp.\n\nActually a seven-stringed or nine-stringed instrument, long and board-like, that is strummed with the hands while resting in the lap or when placed in front of one on the ground. It is associated in Chinese culture with the high “classical” arts of the well-educated gentleman.	L07	96 (玉)
鍾 (210)	zhōng\n1. To gather, to concentrate.\n2. Bushel [of grain; used to measure the salary of an official].\n\nHere, part of a two-character surname.	L07	167 (金, “gold,” “metal”)
鍾子期 (210a)	zhōng zĭ qí\nZhongzi Qi, a close friend of Bo Ya’s.	L07	 
聽 (211)	tīng (1), tìng (2)\n*1. To listen to, to heed.\n2. To allow, to permit, to give permission to.\n\nGenerally speaking, 聞 can refer to any unintentional act of hearing, while 聽 tends to refer to deliberate acts of listening.	L07	128 (耳)
方 (212)	fāng\n*1. Just then,; just at that moment.\n2. Square.\n3. Scope, method, technique.\n4. Direction.\n\nA character with a wide range of meanings; probably the adverbial use of #1 is most common.	L07	70 (方)
志 (213)	zhì\nAmbition, will, intention, inclination.\n\nA word with important connotations in philosophy. It often refers to what one’s mind is preoccupied with, sometimes even subconsciously. Here it refers to what 伯牙 was thinking of – even unconsciously – while playing.	L07	61 (心)
太 (214)	tài\nGreat, enormous, significant.	L07	37 (大)
山 (215)	shān\nMountain, hill.	L07	46 (山)
太山 (214a)	tài shān\nMt. Tai.\n\nA common early variant for 泰山, the great sacred mountain located in Shandong.	L07	 
哉 (216)	zāi\n[Final particle: expresses exclamation or surprise].	L07	30 (口)
善哉 (25a)	shàn zāi\nGreat! How wonderful! Well done! I’m impressed!	L07	 
巍 (217)	wéi\nLofty, eminent, imposing.\n\nAs the radical suggests, this character was originally meant to describe mountains or hills, but can also describe other things as well. The reduplication of adjectives to intensify the effect is very common in literary Chinese, especially in poetry.	L07	46 (山)
若 (218)	ruò\n*1. To resemble, to be like; seemingly, as if, by appearance.\n2. If.\n3. [Informal second person pronoun – used for 汝 (525)].\n\nIn meaning #1, 若 is thought to be a dialect variant of 如 (129); consequently, 上若 has the same idiomatic meaning as 上如 (4a).	L07	140 (艸)
少 (219)	shăo (1-2), shào (3)\n*1. Small; few; a little; scarce.\n2. To belittle, to consider small.\n3. Young, youth.\n\nThe second meaning is a good example of the “putative” use of an adjective – that is, it represents the mental attitude of a person who applies the adjective to a phenomenon, thing, or person.	L07	42 (小)
選 (220)	xuăn\n1. To choose, to select, to elect.\n*2. A little bit of time.\n\nNote! Meaning #2 (the meaning in this lesson) is very rare, and you will hardly ever encounter it. When you do, it will probably be in the compound 少選. When you memorize this character, concentrate on meaning #1.	L07	162 (辵)
間 (221)	jiān\nAmong, in, while.\n\nThis is used in many ways like 中 (111), with some subtle differences. 間 tends to emphasize that something is in between two other things. In time descriptions, it is used to represent an elapse of time; hence 少選之間, “[after] a short interval of time.”	L07	169 (門, “gate”)
流 (222)	liú\nTo flow, to cause to flow; a current.	L07	85 (水)
湯 (223)	tāng (1-2), shāng (3)\n1. Hot water, boiling water, soup.\n2. [Name of an ancient sage king, founder of the Shāng 商 dynasty].\n*3. Seething; flooding.\n\nNote! #3 is an uncommon meaning and pronuncation; #1 is much more common. In the usage here, it is meant to be poetically descriptive of a river, the way 巍 described hills.	L07	85 (水)
破 (224)	pò\nTo smash, to destroy, to break, to defeat [an army or a state]; tattered, broken-down.\n\nThe adjective use is synonymous with 弊 (137), and is in fact much more common.	L07	112 (石, “stone”)
絕 (225)	jué\nTo cut short, to break, to interrupt, to take a direct route or shortcut.	L07	120 (糸)
弦 (226)	xián\nString [of a musical instrument], bowstring.\n\nNote the rhythm and symmetry of the four-character phrase 破琴絕弦, with its verb-object-verb-object pattern. This is a very common way of ordering language poetically in literary Chinese.	L07	57 (弓, “bow”)
以為 (18a)	yĭ wéi\nTo assume.\n\nThis two-character verb emphasizes subjective opinion. Unlike its use in modern Mandarin, however, it is not necessarily an incorrect assumption.	L07	 
世 (227)	shì\nHuman society, the world; the age, a generation.	L07	1 (一)
獨 (228)	dú\nAlone, lonely, solitary; only.\n\n非獨 (“it is not only the case that . . .”) is a common expression.	L07	94 (犬)
賢 (229)	xián\nWorthy, skilled, talented; worthy man, skilled man, talented man.\n\nThis word is often paired with 聖 (17), and represents people who are good and virtuous, but not quite up to the level of 聖.	L07	154 (貝)
亦 (230)	yì\n*1. Also, again.\n2. Indeed.\n\nTake note of the two chief uses of this very common character: it either implies repetition (also, again) or simply is used for emphasis. Context should make clear which meaning is appropriate.	L07	8 (亠, “above”)
然 (231)	rán\n*1. To be so, to be thus, to be right, to act thusly.\n2. But.\n3. [Optional adverb marker: “in x-manner”.]	L07	86 (火)
雖 (232)	suī\nEven though, even if.	L07	172 (隹)
接 (233)	jiē\nTo join, to connect, to meet, to treat.	L07	64 (手)
由 (234)	yóu\n1. Reason, source, origin; to come from, to derive from.\n*2. [Coverb:] From.\n3. To resemble, to be like [used as a substitute for the character 猶 (355-2)].	L07	102 (田)
奚由 (155b)	xī yóu\n(Question word:) how?, why?\n\nNote: this is another inverted question expression (5.6); it could be interpreted as 由奚, “from what”, i.e., how or why. In this sense, it is an almost exact synonym for 奚為 (155a).	L07	 
盡 (235)	jìn\nTo exhaust, to use to the fullest; exhaustively, entirely, completely, thoroughly, all, everone.\n\nNote the two related series of meanings: a verbal usage that emphasizes exhaustion and completion (using something up, for example), and an adverbial meaning that emphasizes that an action is thoroughly carried out or that everyone is carrying out the action.	L07	108 (皿)
驥 (236)	jì\nJi [a horse’s name].\n\nThe name of a legendary horse; used as a poetic name for fast horses.	L07	187 (馬)
千 (237)	qiān\nOne thousand.	L07	24 (十)
里 (238)	lĭ\n*1. [Measure of distance: about 1/3 mile].\n2. Village, ward.\n\nIn meaning #2, this character can be used both to describe autonomous villages and wards, neighborhoods, or suburbs of larger towns. In some ancient texts, 里 are described as an organizational unit, consisting of 25, 50, 72, or 100 households.	L07	166 (里)
待 (239)	dài\nTo await, to depend on.	L07	60 (彳)
樂 (240)	lè (1), yuè (2)\n1. To take pleasure in, to enjoy.\n2. Music.\n\nA common character in both meanings; however, in this lesson it is merely a personal name.	L07	75 (木)
伯樂 (206b)	bó lè\nBo Le.\n\nA man famous for being able to judge good horses, often used symbolically for a ruler who can recognize virtuous and capable men.	L07	 
秦 (241)	qín\nThe state of Qin.\n\nA state of pre-imperial China, located in present-day Shaanxi 陜西 province.  秦 eventually conquered all other states and established the first empire.	L08	115 (禾, “growing grain,” “harvest”)
穆 (242)	mù\nMajestic, reverent.\n\nA relatively rare character, but more common in posthumous titles.	L08	115 (禾)
秦穆公 (241a)	qín mù gōng\nDuke Mu of Qin (r. 659-621 B.C.E.).	L08	 
嘗 (243)	cháng\n1. To taste, to prove, to experience, to try; test.\n*2. In the past.\n\nThis is one of the characters literary Chinese uses to indicate the past tense. Sometimes it is used to represent constant or frequent occurance in the past (“often”).	L08	30 (口)
亡 (244)	wáng\nTo lose, to destroy, to die, to be lost, to escape.\n\nA very common character, with a wide range of meanings – but all tied to loss or absence.	L08	8 (亠)
駿 (245)	jùn\nSwift.\n\nAs the radical suggests, this character often describes fast horses.	L08	187 (馬)
馬 (246)	mă\nHorse.	L08	187 (馬)
已 (247)	yĭ\n*1. Already; to end, to stop.\n2. [Sentence ending particle, used for 矣 (266)].\n\nDon’t confuse with 己 (7)!	L08	49 (己)
殺 (248)	shā\nTo kill.	L08	79 (殳, “spear,” “to kill”)
共 (249)	gòng\nTogether; both.\n\nSynonym: 俱 (193).	L08	12 (八)
食 (250)	shí (1, 3), sì (2)\n*1. Food; to eat.\n2. To cause to eat, to feed.\n3. Rice, cooked grain.\n\nCompare with 飲 (117), “to drink.”	L08	184 (食)
肉 (251)	ròu\nMeat, flesh.	L08	130 (肉)
謂 (252)	wèi\n1. To name; to assume, to think.\n*2. [Coverb:] to say [to someone].\n\nDefinition #2 (as seen in this lesson) indicates to whom someone is speaking, with the pattern 謂X曰. For example: 孔子謂公曰, “Confucius addressed the duke, saying . . .” When the person being addressed is clear from the context, then the writer will simply give 謂曰, “he addressed [him], saying . . .” Here, when the text reads  穆公謂曰, interpret it as “Duke Mu said [to the men] . . .”	L08	149 (謂)
諸 (253)	zhū\n*1. [Particle: plural marker].\n2. [Fusion particle; equivalent to 之 + 乎; first occurs in Lesson 25]\n\nWhen placed in front of a noun, 諸 makes the noun plural.	L08	149 (言)
皆 (254)	jiē\nAll, every.	L08	81 (比, “to compare”)
懼 (255)	jù\nTo fear, to dread; fear, timidity.	L08	61 (心)
即 (256)	jí\n*1. Right then; immediately; then.\n2. To go to, to proceed to.	L08	26 (卩, “joint,” “seal”)
次 (257)	cì\nSequence, order; next.\n\nNotice that in this text, 以次 would mean “by means of order,” i.e., in turn, one by one.	L08	76 (欠, “to lack”)
慚 (258)	cán\nTo be ashamed.	L08	61 (心)
居 (259)	jū\n1. To occupy [a place], to live [in a place].\n*2. To pass by [of time].\n\nSynonym (meaning #1): 在 (79). Meaning #2 occurs at the beginning of sentences to indicate a passage of time: 居三年, “after three years went by”; 居一月, “after a month went by,” etc.	L08	44 (尸)
三 (260)	sān\nThree, third, three times.	L08	1 (一)
年 (261)	nián\nYear.	L08	51 (干, “shield,” “to oppose”)
晉 (262)	jìn\nThe state of Jin.\n\nA large pre-imperial state, occupying the modern provinces of Shanxi 山西 and Henan 河南. In the fifth century B.C.E., it split apart into three states, one of which was 趙 (169).	L08	72 (日)
圊 (263)	wéi\n*1. To surround, to besiege.\n2. Hand-span (measurement of circumference).	L08	31 (囗)
往時 (141a)	wăng shí\nThe past, in the past.	L08	 
相 (264)	xiāng (1); xiàng (2-3)\n*1. Mutually, each other.\n2. Government minister; to serve [a state] as a government minister\n3. Physiognomy; fate, fortune, good fortune\n\nThe adverb (#1) is most common, though #2 is encountered frequently in historical writing. Combined with the pattern discussed in 252, the expression 相謂曰 means: “they addressed each other, saying . . .” (see also 12.3).	L08	109 (目)
恩 (265)	ēn\nGrace, favor, kindness, mercy.\n\nThis character is often used for the favors bestowed by the ruler on his people. 報恩 is commonly used to refer to the repayment for such gratitude that a subject undertakes.	L08	61 (心)
矣 (266)	yĭ\n[Final particle: emphasis, or indicates completion of an action].\n\nNote also that 已 (247-2)  can serve the same purpose.	L08	111 (矢)
遂 (267)	suì\n*1. Then, thereupon.\n2. To follow, to pursue.\n\nWith 因 (196-1) and 於是 (11a, Lesson Six), one of the most common words to indicate the temporal sequence of events.	L08	162 (辵)
潰 (268)	kuì\nTo scatter, to destroy; to be scattered, to be destroyed.	L08	85 (水)
卒 (269)	zú (1-3); cù (4), cuì (5)\n*1. Finally, in the end [synonym: 終 – 31].\n2. To die.\n3. Foot soldier.\n4. Hastily [used as a substitute for 猝]. See Lesson 24 for an example.\n5. To crowd, to throng. [used as a substitute for 萃]. See Lesson 33 for an example.\n\nMeanings #2 and #3 are quite common, though are not encountered in our texts.	L08	24 (十)
勝 (270)	shèng\nTo triumph over, to defeat; to be superior to; victory.	L08	19 (力)
獲 (271)	huò\nTo catch, to obtain.\n\nSynonym: 得 (13); and like 得, 獲 can be used with another verb, “to be able to . . .”	L08	94 (犬)
惠公 (65a)	huì gōng\nDuke Hui of Jin 晉. (r. 650-637 B.C.E.).	L08	 
彌 (272)	mí\nIncreasingly.\n\nSynonym: 47-3 加. Here, it is part of a two-character surname.	L09	57 (弓)
瑕 (273)	xiá\nFlaw, blemish [usually applied to flaws in gems or jewels].\n\nHere, a personal name.	L09	96 (玉)
彌子瑕 (272a)	mí zĭ xiá\nMizi Xia, sexual favorite of the ruler of 衛.	L09	 
衛 (274)	wèi\n*1. Wei, a small state in pre-imperial China.\n2. Guards, guardsmen.	L09	144 (行)
法 (275)	fă\nRule, law, custom.\n\nIn Buddhist texts, used for dharma.	L09	85 (水)
竊 (276)	qiè\n*1. Secretly, without authorization.\n2. To steal.\n3. [Adverb marking a modest assertion by the speaker:] “In my own humble way . . .”, “In my humble opinion”	L09	116 (穴, “cave,” “hole”)
駕 (277)	jià\nTo drive a carriage; carriage.	L09	187 (馬)
車 (278)	jū\nCart, carriage, chariot.\n\nNote the classical “reading” pronunciation in Mandarin.	L09	159 (車)
刖 (279)	yuè\nCutting off the feet (a form of punishment).\n\nThis is one of a series of characters that indicate various forms of penal amputation. You won’t encounter it very often.	L09	18 (刀)
母 (280)	mŭ\nMother.	L09	80 (毋)
疾 (281)	jí\n*1. Sick; illness; ache, aching, sore.\n2. Swift; rapidly.\n3. To criticize, to hate.\n\nMeaning #2 is quite common, but does not appear in our texts.	L09	104 (疒, “illness”)
夜 (282)	yè\nNight; at night; nightly.	L09	36 (夕, “evening”)
告 (283)	gào\nTo announce, to request; announcement.	L09	30 (口)
擅 (284)	shàn\nTo monopolize, to usurp; for one’s own use, selfishly.	L09	64 (手)
故 (285)	gù\n*1. Reason; consequently, deliberately; deliberate action.\n2. Previously, before, in the past; precedent, consistency.\n\nFor a discussion of meaning #1, see below, 9.5. Basically, the character’s various uses fall into two categories: meanings related to reason and deliberation (#1), and meanings related to past action and precedent (#2).	L09	66 (攵)
犯 (286)	fàn\nTo commit a crime, to violate, to sin against; offense, crime.\n\nPartial synonym: 罪 (177).	L09	94 (犬)
遊 (287)	yóu\nTo travel about, to have fun, to play, to associate [with friends].\n\nThis character can refer to children playing, but also adults having fun or “hanging out”. Sometimes it’s difficult to find an appropriate English equivalent.	L09	162 (辵)
果 (288)	guŏ\nFruit; to pan out, to result; as expected. \n “Fruit” was the original meaning of the character (now usually written 菓). The more abstract meanings developed from the idea of something “coming to fruition.”	L09	75 (木)
園 (289)	yuán\nGarden.\n\nWhat would be the best translation of 果園 in English?	L09	31 (囗)
桃 (290)	táo\nPeach, peach tree, peach blossom.	L09	75 (木)
甘 (291)	gān\nSweet; to be sweet; to find sweet; to spoil [a child]; to indulge.	L09	99 (甘)
奉 (292)	fèng\n*1. To offer [to a superior], to accept [from a superior].\n2. Service, attendance.\n\nNote that in meaning #1 this character can mean both giving and receiving; the important issue is the inferior social status of the subject.	L09	37 (大)
忘 (293)	wàng\nTo forget.	L09	61 (心)
口 (294)	kŏu\nMouth, opening.\n\nThis character can also be used as a measure word for people (cf. English “many mouths to feed”).	L09	30 (口)
味 (295)	wèi\nTaste; to taste.	L09	30 (口)
及 (296)	jí\n1. To reach to, to extend to, to come up to [in quality, ability, or virtue].\n*2. When the time came that . . .\n3. And [connects nouns only].\n\nA very common character, with a wide range of meanings. As a conjunction, it can only connect nouns (like 與 191-1). Partial synonym: 至 (114).	L09	29 (又)
色 (297)	sè\nColor, attractiveness, surface appearance; facial expression; sexuality.\n\nA significant character in Chinese thought – it represents the often ephemeral or deceptive external appearance of things.	L09	139 (色)
衰 (298)	shuāi\nTo wither, to decline, to wane, to weaken.	L09	145 (衣)
弛 (299)	chí\nTo grow slack, to grow weak.\n\nThis character has the “bow” component (弓); it originally applied to a bow-string going slack.	L09	57 (弓)
得罪於 (13a)	dé zuì yú\nTo offend [literally, “to obtain a crime in relation to”].\n\nThe phrase as used in this lesson does not necessarily imply that an actual crime is committed; in this case, Mizi Xia losing his looks was offensive enough to the king.	L09	 
矯 (300)	jiăo\nTo falsify, to fake, to pretend, to forge; falsely, under false pretenses.	L09	111 (矢)
餘 (301)	yú\nLeft-over, remaining, extra.	L09	184 (食)
未 (302)	wèi\nNot yet, never.\n\nThis is one of the most common of negative adverbs, second only to 上 in frequency.	L09	75 (木)
必 (303)	bì\nTo be necessary, to have to; necessarily.\n\nJust as in English, 必 can refer to necessity (“You must do this!”) as well as predictability and speculation (“He must have done this yesterday”).	L09	61 (心)
未必 (302a)	wèi bì\nNot necessarily, not inevitably, not always.\n\n上必 is also common.	L09	 
變 (304)	biàn\nTo change, to alter; change, alteration; disaster.	L09	149 (言)
初 (305)	chū\nBeginning; initially, from the beginning, at first, earlier.	L09	18 (刀)
前 (306)	qián\nFront, formerly, at first; to come forward, to step forward.\n\nNote the verbal usage, which is also quite common.	L09	18 (刀)
憎 (307)	zēng\nTo hate, to detest.	L09	61 (心)
晏 (308)	yàn\n1. Clear; peaceful, quiet.\n*2. [A surname].\n\nYou will find this character most often used as a surname.	L10	72 (日)
晏子 (308a)	yàn zĭ\nMaster Yan.\n\nA famous Chinese statesman. He was active in the late 6th century B.C.E. As we shall see later in the text, his personal name was 嬰.	L10	 
將 (309)	jiāng (1-2), jiàng (3)\n*1. About to [marks the future tense or intention].\n2. To lead, to bring, to take with one, to wear.\n3. General, commander; to command, to lead.\n\nA very common character; in meaning #1, it is used as an adverb to mark a future tense (and hence can be synonymous with 當 [187-2]).	L10	41 (寸)
楚 (310)	chŭ\nThe state of Chu.\n\nThis was a particularly large state, centering around the modern province of Hubei 湖北. It possessed a distinctively “southern” culture often at odds with the culture of the Yellow River plain.	L10	75 (木)
王 (311)	wáng (1), wàng (2)\n*1. King, prince.\n2. To take the throne, to declare oneself king, to rule as a king.\n\nNote that the rulers of 楚, had already “usurped” the title of king (see 4.1). They had been doing so since 706 B.C.E. In imperial times, emperors generally granted the males of their family the title of 王; in such cases, it is customary to translate their titles as “prince” rather than “king”.	L10	96 (玉)
左 (312)	zuŏ\nLeft.	L10	48 (工, “artisan,” “manufacture”)
右 (313)	yòu\nRight.	L10	30 (口)
左右 (312a)	zuŏ yòu\nRetainers, courtiers.\n\nThis common term for the ruler’s supporters obviously derives from its locational meaning (lit., “[people] to the left and right”).	L10	 
嬰 (314)	yīng\nBaby, infant; to surround, to enclose. [A fairly obscure character; here, used as a personal name.]	L10	38 (女)
習 (315)	xí\nTo practice, to study; to be thoroughly familiar with or practiced in; habit, routine.	L10	124 (羽, “feather”)
辭 (316)	cí\n*1. Words, diction, language; rhetoric, oratory, speech-making.\n2. To take leave of, to say goodbye to.\n3. To refuse, to reject.	L10	160 (辛, “bitter”)
來 (317)	lái\nTo come.	L10	9 (人)
辱 (318)	rŭ\nTo humiliate; humiliation.	L10	161 (辰)
何以 (184a)	hé yĭ\nWith what?, How? [question word]\n\nAnother example of an inverted question phrase (5.6), “by means of what?” This one is probably the most common.	L10	 
縛 (319)	fú\nTo tie up, to bind.	L10	120 (糸)
過 (320)	guò\n*1. To pass by, to cross.\n2. Error, mistake, indiscretion; to make a mistake, to be in error.\n3. To surpass; to go to excess, to go too far.	L10	162 (辵)
盜 (321)	dào\nTo rob, to steal; robbery.	L10	108 (皿)
酣 (322)	hān\n*1. Pleasantly drunk, tipsy; at the height of the party.\n2. To be at the greatest level of intensity.\n\nGenerally speaking, this word is used in early texts most often in the phrase 酒酣, which generally means “when the party was under way,” “when everyone was relaxed from drinking.” Deriving from this usage, the character can also apply to an event or process at its moment of greatest power or extent, e.g., 戰酣, “in the heat of battle.”	L10	164 (酉)
吏 (323)	lì\nAn official, a clerk, a policeman or guard.\n\nAlthough this character can be used as a general term for officials, it most often refers to low-ranking functionaries employed in government offices or in the palace – most often civil functionaries (clerks, scribes) and guards or policemen.	L10	30 (口)
二 (324)	èr\nTwo, twice, second.	L10	7 (二)
詣 (325)	yì\nTo go to, to visit, to call on [usually a superior].\n\nIn Japan, this meaning came to be associated especially with pilgrimages and visits to shrines and temples.	L10	149 (言)
曷 (326)	hé\nWhat, how, why [question word].\n\nThis seems to be a variant of the common question word 何 (184), though scholars aren’t sure about their original differences.	L10	73 (曰)
視 (327)	shì\nTo look at, to see, to observe.	L10	147 (見)
固 (328)	gù\n*1. Definitely, assuredly.\n2. Stubbornly; firm, unyielding.\n\nSometimes writers will use 故 (285) as a substitute for this character.	L10	31 (囗)
避 (329)	bì\nTo avoid, to avert, to evade, to hide from.	L10	162 (辵)
席 (330)	xí\nStraw mat [for sitting], place, seat [at a banquet or other formal occasion].	L10	53 (广, “trailing hemp”)
避席 (329a)	bì xí\nTo move backward on one’s mat [out of politeness].\n\nThis set term is used before someone speaks to a superior at a banquet or meeting; the speaker moves backwards briefly, “avoiding his seat”, in order to show respect for the addressee.	L10	 
橘 (331)	jú\nMandarin orange [tree].	L10	75 (木)
淮 (332)	huái\nThe Huai River.\n\nOne of the major rivers of China, it flows parallel to and in between the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers.	L10	85 (水)
南 (333)	nán\nSouth; southern.	L10	24 (十)
北 (334)	bĕi\nNorth; northern.	L10	21 (匕, “spoon”)
枳 (335)	zhĭ\nThe zhi [a kind of bitter, medicinal orange, with thick skin]; a zhi tree.	L10	75 (木)
葉 (336)	yè\nLeaf [of a tree].	L10	140 (艸)
徒 (337)	tú\n*1. Only, merely.\n2. In vain, uselessly.\n3. Disciple; follower; foot soldier.\n4. [suffix for one who engages in a certain occupation or pastime; example: 博徒, “gambler”].\n\nNote that the meanings of this character broadly divide between adverbial (1-2) and noun (3-4) uses.	L10	60 (彳)
似 (338)	sì\nTo resemble, to imitate.	L10	9 (人)
實 (339)	shí\n*1. Fruit; to bear fruit.\n2. Truth, reality; solid, substantial, real.\n3. Really, truly.\n4. Honest, sincere.\n\nThe various meanings of this common character seem to derive from the vegetative meaning of “fruit”; in Chinese philosophy and rhetoric, “fruit” is often contrasted metaphorically with the “less useful” products of a tree, like leaves and flowers. Consequently, 實 came to have a series of meanings tied to the idea of “substantial,” “solid,” “real,” and hence, “true,” “sincere,” etc.	L10	40 (宀)
同 (340)	tóng\nSame, equal; together; to share.	L10	30 (口)
所以 (78a)	suŏ yĭ\nThe means by which, the reason why . . .\n\nFor details, see 10.3.	L10	 
土 (341)	tŭ\nEarth, soil, clay; land, territory.\n\nDo not confuse with 士 (96)! In 士 the top line is longer than the bottom line, but in 土 the bottom line is longer. If it helps, think of the longer bottom line as symbolizing the greater importance of the ground and the earth.	L10	32 (土)
異 (342)	yì\n*1. Different; difference.\n2. To differentiate, to tell apart.\n3. Strange, peculiar, extraordinary.\n4. To consider strange.\n\nThough all the meanings of this character are related (something too “different” may seem “strange”), be careful to distinguish the various usages – in particular, the two verbs 2 and 4.	L10	102 (田)
長 (343)	zhăng (1-2), cháng (3-4)\n*1. To grow up.\n2. To preside over, to lead; leader.\n3. Long.\n4. Always, constantly.	L10	168 (長)
于 (344)	yú\n[Multi-purpose preposition].\n\nUsed interchangeably with 於 (11).	L10	7 (二, “two”)
得無 (13b)	dé wú\nI don’t suppose that . . ? [idiomatic question phrase]\n\nUsed to introduce rhetorical questions.	L10	 
耶 (345)	yé\n[Final question particle].\n\nUnlike 乎, this is often milder in tone and is often “rhetorical” – i.e., it conceals an assertion of fact rather than poses a real question. You will probably more often see this character replaced by an alternate version, 邪 (423).	L10	128 (耳)
曹 (346)	cáo\n1. [a surname].\n2. [an informal plural suffix, usually added to the second person].	L11	73 (曰)
沫 (347)	mò\nFroth, foam.\n\nHere, part of a name.	L11	85 (水)
曹沫 (346a)	cáo mò\nCao Mo (A general for the state of 魯).	L11	 
勇 (348)	yŏng\nCourage, bravery; courageous, brave.	L11	19 (力)
力 (349)	lì\nStrength, power, ability.	L11	19 (力)
莊 (350)	zhuāng\nSerious, grave; [a surname].\n\nHere, used as a posthumous title.	L11	140 (艸)
莊公 (350a)	zhūang gōng\nDuke Zhuang of Lu (r. 693-662 B.C.E.).	L11	 
好 (351)	hào (1), hăo (2)\n1. To like, to be fond of.\n2. Good, fine, beautiful.	L11	38 (女)
戰 (352)	zhàn\nTo fight; combat, war.\n\nDifferentiate from 攻 (172) and 伐 (202), which mean “to attack.”	L11	62 (戈)
敗 (353)	bài\nTo be defeated; to defeat.\n\nThe former use is intransitive, the latter transitive.	L11	66 (攵)
敗北 (353a)	bài bĕi\nTo be defeated.\n\nNotice distinctive usage of 北, which is relatively rare and is found usually in this compound.	L11	 
地 (354)	dì\nLand, territory, ground.	L11	32 (土)
和 (355)	hé\nHarmony, peace; harmonious; to make peace, to harmonize with.	L11	30 (口)
猶 (356)	yóu\n1. Still, persistently.\n2. To be like, to resemble.\n\nThis character is quite common in both meanings.	L11	94 (犬)
許 (357)	xŭ\nTo assent to, to agree to, to permit.	L11	149 (言)
會 (358)	huì\nTo meet [with], to assemble; meeting, association.\n\nBe careful not to confuse this character with 曾 (135).	L11	73 (曰)
柯 (359)	kē\nHandle, branch.\n\nHere, a place name.	L11	75 (木)
盟 (360)	méng\nTo form an alliance, to swear an alliance; alliance.	L11	108 (皿)
既 (361)	jì\nAlready; after having . . ., since . . .\n\nAs in this lesson, this character is frequently used in the first clause in multi-clause sentences. Synonym: 已 (247). Be careful to distinguish it from 即 (256; “right then,” “immediately”).	L11	71 (无, “without”)
壇 (362)	tán\nAltar, elevated platform.\n\nWhen countries in early China swore alliance, it was common to carry out the ceremony on an altar platform, accompanied by animal sacrifices.	L11	32 (土)
上 (363)	shàng\nOn top of, above, at the front of; to go up, to offer up; superiors.\n\nAntonym: 下 (51).	L11	1 (一)
執 (364)	zhí\nTo grasp, to hold.	L11	32 (土)
匕 (365)	bĭ\nSpoon, ladle.\n\nHere, however, the meaning of the character is subordinated to the compound 365a.	L11	21 (匕)
首 (366)	shŏu\nHead, neck.\n\nHere, however, the meaning of the character is subordinated to the compound 365a.	L11	185 (首)
匕首 (365a)	bĭ shŏu\nDagger.\n\nThis is an idiomatic compound, with the component characters not explicitly connected to its meaning.	L11	 
劫 (367)	jié\nTo attack, to seize, to pillage, to rob.	L11	19 (力)
莫 (368)	mò\n*1. No one.\n2. [Imperative:] Don’t . . .\n\nBe careful of its use! Technically it functions as an adverb, and is often proceeded by a defining group of people: e.g., in this lesson: 左右莫 . . . “Among the retainers, no one . . .” Other examples: 公莫伐齊, “Of the dukes, no one attacked Qi.” 兵莫欲殺之, “Of the soldiers, no one wanted to kill him.” In later imperial prose, the imperative usage becomes fairly common.	L11	140 (艸)
動 (369)	dòng\nTo move, to take action.	L11	19 (力)
問 (370)	wèn\nTo ask, to inquire.	L11	30 (口)
強 (371)	qíang\nStrong, powerful, overbearing.	L11	57 (弓)
弱 (372)	ruò\nWeak, unassertive, young.\n\nThis and 強 form an antonym pair.	L11	57 (弓)
侵 (373)	qīn\nTo invade, to attack, to assault.\n\nUnlike 伐 (202) or 攻 (172), this character tends to emphasize the unprovoked or secret nature of the attack.	L11	9 (人)
甚 (374)	shèn\nTo a great extent, excessive, too much, extreme.	L11	99 (甘)
城 (375)	chéng\nCity, wall, city wall, fortress.\n\nUnlike 邑 (143), this character originally referred to the walls of the city itself. When this character is used, often the writer wants to emphasize that a “fortified” city is meant; hence, the meaning of “castle” that occurs in Japanese.	L11	32 (土)
壞 (376)	huài\nTo collapse, to fall in ruins; to ruin, to destroy.	L11	32 (土)
壓 (377)	yā\nTo crush, to cover; to put pressure on, to put weight on, to suppress.	L11	32 (土)
境 (378)	jìng\nBorder, frontier; realm, sphere.	L11	32 (土)
圖 (379)	tú\nTo plan, to consider; map, drawing.\n\nPartial synonyms:  計 (128) , 謀 (70).	L11	31 (囗)
投 (380)	tóu\nTo toss, to throw, to cast aside, to abandon.\n\nPartial synonym: 棄 (119).	L11	64 (手)
面 (381)	miàn\nFace, surface; to face.\n\nRulers always face south 南面, while their retainers and ministers face north 北面.	L11	176 (面)
群 (382)	qún\nFlock, assembly.\n\nAlso written 羣. Like 諸 (253), it often serves as a prefix to a noun and makes it plural.	L11	123 (羊)
位 (383)	wèi\nPlace, position; throne, royal position.	L11	9 (人)
顏 (384)	yán\nFace, facial expression.	L11	181 (頁)
顏色 (384a)	yán sè\nFacial expression, facial color.	L11	 
辭令 (316a)	cí lìng\nLanguage, speech.\n\nAn idiomatic compound.	L11	 
如故 (129a)	rú gù\nAs before, as previously.\n\nA very common idiom; it always comes at the end of the sentence.	L11	 
倊 (385)	bèi\n1. Double.\n*2. To renege on, to reject.\n\nMeaning #2 (used here) is an uncommon meaning of this word; #1 is the standard meaning and should be learned.	L11	9 (人)
約 (386)	yuē\nContract, agreement, pact; to agree, to form an agreement.	L11	120 (糸)
貪 (387)	tān\nTo covet, to be greedy.	L11	154 (貝)
利 (388)	lì\nProfit, advantage; to profit, to enrich.\n\nThis is often a pejorative in Chinese philosophy, representing monetary gain or enrichment at the expense of virtue.	L11	18 (刀)
快 (389)	kuài\nTo be happy, to be delighted.\n\nSynonym: 喜 (46).	L11	61 (心)
侯 (390)	hóu\nMarquis.\n\nA feudal title in ancient China. See 4.1.	L11	9 (人)
諸侯 (253a)	zhū hóu\n“The feudal lords.”\n\nLiterally “the various marquises,” this became a standard term for describing all of the rulers of ancient China.	L11	 
援 (391)	yuán\nTo pull, to aid, to assist; assistance, support.	L11	64 (手)
割 (392)	gē\nTo cut off, to sever, to separate, to exclude.	L11	18 (刀)
其後 (73a)	qí hòu\nAfter this.\n\nA fairly common time sequence word.	L12	 
六 (393)	liù\nSix.	L12	12 (八)
十 (394)	shí\nTen.	L12	24 (十)
七 (395)	qī\nSeven.	L12	1 (一)
吳 (396)	wú\nThe state of Wu.\n\nLocated in the Yangtse delta region. Originally deriving from a non-northern Chinese culture, 吳 gradually entered into the Chinese cultural sphere during the 6th century B.C.E. The names of their inhabitants (and the king names) are different from common northern names, perhaps reflecting their non-Chinese origins.	L12	30 (口)
專 (397)	zhuān\nTo monopolize; to focus on, to act single-mindedly.\n\nIn  this lesson, used as a surname.	L12	41 (寸)
專諸 (397a)	zhuān zhū\nZhuan Zhu (name of a knight-assassin).	L12	 
堂 (398)	táng\nHall, reception hall.\n\nHowever, here it is a place-name.	L12	32 (土)
伊 (399)	wŭ\nA squadron or group of five men.\n\nThis is a military term; however, in our lesson, it is merely a surname.	L12	9 (人)
胥 (400)	xū\nTo assist, to aid.\n\nHowever, here it is part of a personal name.	L12	130 (肉)
伊子胥 (399a)	wŭ zĭ xū\nWu Zixu. [name of a statesman and advisor].\n\nSee historical note below, 12.1. Note that 子胥 is his “polite” name, or 字 (for naming habits, see 12.3). His “personal name” (吊) is 員 (and a prince of 吳 rudely refers to him by this name below).	L12	 
僚 (401)	liáo\nCompanion, colleague.\n\nHere, however, the name of a king of 吳 (r. 526-515 B.C.E.). Perhaps because the 吳 kings were considered slightly exotic or foreign, the 史記 continues to refer to them in a different manner: 吳王僚, “the king of Wu, Liao” (rather than the more typical 吳僚王).	L12	9 (人)
說 (402)	shuì (1), yuè (2), shuō (3)\n*1. To persuade.\n2. To take pleasure in, to enjoy; to be happy.\n3. Speech, discourse, story.\n\nThe three major definitions of this character are all pronounced differently in modern Mandarin. Meaning #1 is slightly different from its English usage, in that it represents an attempt being made to persuade, but not necessarily its success (in other words, it must often be translated as “tried to persuade,” as in our lesson here). In meaning #2, this character is being used for the more proper 悅 (748). Meaning #3 has occurred in the title of the text source for Unit One, the 說苑 (“Garden of Stories”).	L12	149 (言)
公子 (104b)	gōng zĭ\nPrince.\n\nEven though this term literally means “son of a duke,” it came to apply to all princes in general.	L12	 
光 (403)	guāng\nLight, brilliance.\n\nHere, it is the name of a prince of 吳.	L12	10 (儿)
彼 (404)	bĭ\nThat, those; that person, he; those people, they.\n\nSometimes used as a rude reference to others; other pronouns can also be used in such a manner (compare use of 是 in Lesson Nine). Antonym: 此 (145).	L12	60 (彳)
員 (405)	yuán\nPersonnel, member.\n\nHere it is the personal name of 伊子胥; for naming habits, see 12.3.	L12	30 (口)
兄 (406)	xiōng\nOlder brother.	L12	10 (儿)
私 (407)	sī\nPrivate, secret, selfish.	L12	115 (禾)
讎 (408)	chóu\nEnemy, rival; revenge, vengeance.\n\nNote the expression 報讎, “to get revenge.”	L12	149 (言)
止 (409)	zhĭ\nTo stop.	L12	77 (止)
內 (410)	nèi\nInside, within, inner, private, domestic.	L12	11 (入)
外 (411)	wài\nOutside, public, external, foreign.\n\nNote expression 外事, “foreign affairs.”	L12	36 (夕)
進 (412)	jìn\nTo present, to give [usually to social superior]; to move forward, to approach.\n\nPartial synonym: 獻 (154).	L12	162 (辵)
樊 (413)	fán\nBird cage; disorderly, messy.\n\nHere, part of a name.	L12	75 (木)
諸樊 (253b)	zhū fán\nZhufan.\n\nName of a king of 吳 (r. 560-548 B.C.E).	L12	 
弟 (414)	dì\nLittle brother.\n\nIn contrast to 兄 (406).	L12	57 (弓)
祭 (415)	jì, zhài\nTo worship, to offer sacrifices to; festival.\n\nHere, part of a king’s name.	L12	113 (示)
餘祭 (301a)	yú zhài\nYuzhai.\n\nName of a king of 吳 (r. 547-531 B.C.E.).	L12	 
夷 (416)	yí\n1. East, eastern direction; eastern barbarian tribes.\n2. To massacre, to level to the ground.\n\nHere, part of a king’s name.	L12	37 (大)
眛 (417)	mò, mèi\nDim-sighted; poor vision.\n\nHere, part of a king’s name.	L12	109 (目)
夷眛 (416a)	yí mò\nYimo.\n\nName of a king of 吳 (r. 530-527 B.C.E.).	L12	 
季 (418)	jì\n1. Season; last (third) month of a season.\n2. Youngest of three brothers (following 伯 206 and 仲 113).\n\nHere, part of a prince’s name.	L12	39 (子)
札 (419)	zhá\nThin wooden tablet for writing; letter, correspondence.\n\nHere, part of a prince’s name.	L12	75 (木)
季子札 (418a)	jì zĭ zhá\nJizi Zha.\n\nName of a prince of 吳.	L12	 
立 (420)	lì\n*1. To set up, to establish, to appoint, to place on the throne, to take the throne.\n2. To stand, to occupy.\n3. Immediately.	L12	117 (立)
太子 (214b)	tài zĭ\nCrown prince, heir apparent.\n\nThe text means that諸樊refused to appoint one of his own sons as heir.	L12	 
傳 (421)	chuán (1), zhuàn (2)\n*1. To pass along, to transmit.\n2. Transmission, tradition, biography.\n\nMeaning #2 was used by the 史記 to designate biographical accounts (usually of individuals), and hence became the standard term for “biography.”	L12	9 (人)
肯 (422)	kĕn\nTo be willing, to wish.	L12	130 (肉)
邪 (423)	yé (1), xié (2)\n*1. [Question particle; variant for 耶 345].\n2. Wicked, perverse.\n\nThough often used to refer to wicked behavior, this character probably occurs even more often in meaning #1, where it is used instead of 耶. In the sentence of our lesson, the prince uses 邪 in one clause and then 乎 in the next to refer to two hypothetical proposal questions he is making to himself: “Is X true? Then in that case . . . ; is Y true? Then in that case . . .”	L12	163 (邑)
真 (424)	zhēn\nTrue, authentic; truly, really.	L12	109 (目)
適 (425)	dí (1), shì (2-4)\n*1. Legal wife, main wife.\n2. To satisfy, to please.\n3. To happen, to fall in with, to be suitable for; coincidental.\n4. To go to, to proceed to.\n\nMeaning #1 is an incorrect character usage; the proper character is 嫡. We’ll see the more proper meanings used later on.	L12	162 (辵)
嗣 (426)	sì\nTo inherit; inheritance, heir.	L12	30 (口)
陰 (427)	yīn\nSecret, secretly, dark, the “yin” principle.	L12	170 (阜)
養 (428)	yăng\nTo look after, to raise, to harbor, to employ [in one’s private service].\n\nUsually this character refers to raising children, to raising animals, or to looking after the aged; here, however, it refers to bringing retainers into one’s service.	L12	184 (食)
客 (429)	kè\nGuest, retainer, employee.\n\nNote that the expression 善客 is used here adverbially, to indicate the manner with which 光 treated 專諸.	L12	40 (宀)
九 (430)	jiŭ\nNine.	L13	5 (乙, curved, hook)
平 (431)	píng\nPeaceful, calm, level, flat.	L13	51 (干)
楚平王 (310a)	chŭ píng wáng\nKing Ping of Chu (r. 528-516 B.C.E.).	L13	 
春 (432)	chūn\nSpring [season].	L13	72 (日)
喪 (433)	sàng (1), sāng (2)\n1. To lose; to die; to destroy.\n*2. To mourn; mourning.	L13	30 (口)
蓋 (434)	gài\n1. Canopy, cover [usually for a carriage].\n2. “No doubt,” “probably” [particle introducing opinion].\n\nHere, the character is part of a name. Meaning #1, though common, does not occur in our texts. Meaning #2 will occur latter.	L13	140 (艸)
蓋餘 (434a)	gài yú\nGaiyu.\n\nPersonal name, younger brother of 僚.	L13	 
屬 (435)	shŭ (1), zhŭ (2)\n1. Kind, class, category; to belong to, to be subordinate to, to be governed by.\n2. To instruct, to direct, to exhort.\n\nHere, the character is part of a name.	L13	44 (尸)
庸 (436)	yōng\n1. Mediocre, common; hired labor, to work for hire.\n2. Name of a mountain range in Fujian.\n\nHere, the character is part of a person’s name. Meaning #1, though common, does not occur in our texts.	L13	53 (广)
屬庸 (435a)	shŭ yōng\nShuyong.\n\nName of the younger brother of 僚.	L13	 
潛 (437)	qián\nSunken, hidden, secret; secretly; to sink.\n\nHere, it is a place name in the state of 楚.	L13	85 (水)
延 (438)	yán\nTo extend, to stretch; to invite.\n\nHere, it is part of a place name. This character, though fairly common, does not occur again in our texts.	L13	54 (廴)
陵 (439)	líng\nMound, ridge, tomb mound.\n\nHere, it is part of a place name (and it only occurs in place names in our texts).	L13	170 (阜)
延陵 (438a)	yánlíng\nYanling.\n\nName of the fief of季子札 (418a). Sometimes people are referred to by their place of origins or their fiefdom: “Jizi of Yanling.”	L13	 
觀 (440)	guān\nTo observe, to watch, to contemplate.	L13	147 (見)
發 (441)	fā\nTo issue, to send forth, to arise, to manifest, to open.	L13	105 (癶)
路 (442)	lù\nPath, road, route.\n\nThis is used less often than道 (41) in abstract and philosophical contexts.	L13	157 (足)
且 (443)	qiĕ\n*1. Moreover, furthermore.\n2. About to, will . . . [future marker].\n3. Temporarily, for the time being.\n\nA very common adverb; only meaning #1 occurs in our texts.	L13	1 (一)
廢 (444)	fèi\nTo abandon, to discard.\n\nHere, the speaker means it in the sense “to overthrow” or “depose.”	L13	53 (广)
老 (445)	lăo\nOld; to grow old.	L13	125 (老)
兩 (446)	liăng\n*1. Both, pair.\n2. An ounce of silver [tael].\n\nMeaning #2, though common, does not occur in our texts.	L13	11 (入)
困 (447)	kùn\nTo be in hard straits, to be in difficulty, to cause difficulty.\n\nBe careful not to confuse this character with 因 (196)!	L13	31 (囗)
空 (448)	kōng\nEmpty, vacant, futile.	L13	116 (穴, “cave,” “hole”)
骨 (449)	gŭ\nBone.	L13	188 (骨)
鯁 (450)	gĕng\nFishbone.	L13	195 (魚)
骨鯁 (449a)	gŭ gĕng\nHard, unyielding, outspoken [descriptive of subordinates].	L13	 
如何 (129b)	rú hé\nWhat do you think? What can we do? What’s going on? Nothing can be done about . . .!\n\nThe object of perplexity is often inserted in between 如 and 何. 無如我何 thus means “there’s nothing [they] can do about us” or “there’s no one who can do anything about us.”	L13	 
頓 (451)	dùn\n*1. To beat on the ground.\n2. Suddenly.\n\nMeaning #2, though common, does not occur in our texts.	L13	181 (頁)
四 (452)	sì\nFour.	L13	31 (口)
月 (453)	yuè\nMoon, month.\n\nFor the traditional calendar, see below, 13.1. 四月 should be translated as “the Fourth Month.”	L13	 
丙 (454)	bĭng\nThe third of the “celestial stems”; indicates the third item in a series.\n\nSee 13.1 below for details on this character.	L13	1 (一)
丙子 (454a)	bĭng zĭ\n[Thirteenth in the sixty-item cycle of traditional Chinese dating. See 13.1 below.]	L13	 
伏 (455)	fú\n1. To fall prostrate, to humble oneself, to submit to.\n*2. To lie in ambush, to place troops in ambush.\n\nNote the two radically different groups of meanings – but both of them suggest a person crouching down or lying flat.	L13	9 (人)
窟 (456)	kū\nCave, cavern.	L13	116 (穴)
室 (457)	shì\nHouse, chamber, room.	L13	40 (宀)
窟室 (456a)	kū shì\nCellar (?). Empty room (?).	L13	 
陳 (458)	chén\nTo deploy, to lay out, to take up positions.\n\nOften used in a military sense.	L13	170 (阜)
宮 (459)	gōng\nPalace, ruler’s dwelling.	L13	40 (宀)
門 (460)	mén\nDoor, gate.	L13	169 (門)
戶 (461)	hù\nDoor.	L13	63 (戶)
階 (462)	jiē\nStairs.	L13	170 (阜)
陛 (463)	bì\nStairs [usually of the palace].	L13	170 (阜)
親 (464)	qīn\n*1. Relatives, intimates, kin, parents.\n2. To be intimate with, to be friendly or familiar with.\n3. Oneself, personally (synonym: 自 15).	L13	147 (見)
戚 (465)	qī\nRelatives, intimates.\n\nUsually 親戚 means “relations,” but the guests here were probably just people close to the king.	L13	62 (戈)
夾 (466)	jiá\nTo flank, to stand on either side of, to insert.	L13	37 (大)
侍 (467)	shì\nTo attend upon, to serve.	L13	9 (人)
持 (468)	chí\nTo hold, to grasp.\n\nSynonym: 執 (364).	L13	64 (手)
鈹 (469)	pī\nDouble-bladed sword.\n\nThis is a very rare character and is not the most commonly used for “sword” (for that, see 劍 560).	L13	167 (金)
詳 (470)	yáng (1), xíang (2)\n*1. To feign, to pretend.\n2. Carefully, in detail.\n\nMeaning #1 is a common substitution for the character 佯. Meaning #2, though common, does not occur in our texts.	L13	149 (言)
置 (471)	zhì\nTo position, to place.	L13	122 (网)
炙 (472)	zhì\nTo roast; roasted food.	L13	86 (火)
腹 (473)	fù\nBelly, stomach.	L13	130 (肉)
擘 (474)	bò\nTo tear apart, to tear open, to rip open.	L13	64 (手)
刺 (475)	cì\nTo stab.	L13	18 (刀)
擾 (476)	răo\nTo throw into confusion, to run about in confusion.	L13	64 (手)
亂 (477)	luàn\nTo riot, to be thrown into confusion, to disorder, to misgovern; rebellion.	L13	5 (乙)
滅 (478)	miè\nTo destroy, to annihilate, to be destroyed.\n\nPartial synonym: 亡 (244).	L13	85 (水)
闔 (479)	hé\nLeaf of a door; to shut, to close.\n\nHere, part of a king’s name. This character does not occur again in our texts.	L13	169 (門)
閭 (480)	lǘ\nNeighborhood [technically, of 25 families]; village or neighborhood gate.\n\nHere, part of a king’s name. This character only occurs in proper names in our texts.	L13	169 (門)
闔閭 (479a)	hé lǘ\nHelü.\n\nName of 光 upon taking the throne (r. 514-495 B.C.E.).	L13	 
封 (481)	fēng\nTo appoint, to grant a fief to; fiefdom.	L13	41 (寸)
卿 (482)	qīng\nMinister of state.	L13	26 (卩)
豫 (483)	yù\nTo get ready, to prepare; comfort; to be at ease.\n\nHere, it is a surname.	L14	152 (豕, “swine,” “pig”)
讓 (484)	ràng (1), răng (2)\n1. To demur to, to defer to, to give in to; to abdicate [the throne].\n2. To scold, to berate.\n\nThough this character appears here as part of a name, it is an important and common one. In the first meaning, this term refers to a Confucian virtue: the ability to surrender one’s own desires and needs for the sake of others. Frequently it refers to a ruler abdicating his throne, especially (in certain famous cases) abdicating the throne to a man more virtuous than himself. Meaning #2, though quite common, does not occur in our texts.	L14	149 (言)
豫讓 (483a)	yù răng\nYu Rang.\n\nName of a retainer-warrior.	L14	 
范 (485)	fàn\nFan.\n\nOne of the ruling clans of 晉. It also became a fairly common surname.	L14	140 (艸)
氏 (486)	shì\nClan, lineage.	L14	83 (氏)
中行 (111a)	zhōng háng\nZhonghang.\n\nOne of the ruling clans of  晉. Note special pronunciation of 行.	L14	 
智 (487)	zhì\nWise, resourceful, clever.\n\nHere, the name of one of the clans of 晉.	L14	72 (日)
智伯 (487a)	zhì bó\nThe Earl of Zhi.\n\nProminent general and leader of the 智 clan.	L14	 
尊 (488)	zūn\nTo respect, to honor; respected, honored.\n\nPartial synonym: 貴 (81).	L14	41 (寸)
寵 (489)	chŏng\nFavor, love, patronage; to favor.	L14	40 (宀)
襄 (490)	xiāng\nTo help, to assist; to achieve, to accomplish.\n\nThis character appears most often as a surname or as a posthumous title for rulers and feudal lords (as is the case here).	L14	145 (衣)
襄子 (490a)	xiāng zĭ\nViscount Xiang.\n\nLeader of the 趙 clan, and grandson of 趙簡子 from Lesson Six).	L14	 
韓 (491)	hán\nHan.\n\nName of a clan of 晉. Like 趙, this clan survived the partitioning of 晉 and became an independent state.	L14	178 (韋, “tanned leather”)
魏 (492)	wèi\nWei.\n\nName of a clan of 晉. 魏 also survived the partition and became an independent state.	L14	194 (鬼, “spirit”)
合 (493)	hé\n*1. To bring together, to unite, to fuse.\n2. To close, to shut.\n3. To be appropriate for, to fit in with.	L14	30 (口)
最 (494)	zuì\nMost, -est.\n\nUsually used to indicate the superlative degree.	L14	73 (曰)
漆 (495)	qī\nPaint, lacquer, varnish; to paint, to varnish.\n\nBuildings or other objects were often painted for preservation purposes (as in this case).	L14	85 (水)
頭 (496)	tóu\n*1. Head. Synonym: 首 (366).\n2. [noun suffix, lacking set meaning].\n\nThe second meaning is common in more colloquial literary, and is similar to its use in modern Mandarin.	L14	181 (頭)
器 (497)	qì\n*1. Vessel, container, utensil.\n2. Capacity, ability.\n\nThe second meaning is an abstract derivation of the first: the usefulness or utility of an individual.	L14	30 (口)
遁 (498)	dùn\nTo flee, to avoid, to hide.\n\nSynonym: 逃 (90).	L14	162 (辵)
嗟 (499)	jiē\nTo sigh; Alas! [exclamation].	L14	30 (口)
知己 (1a)	zhī jĭ\nAn intimate friend [lit., “(a person) who knows oneself”].\n\nNote this is different from the use of the phrase in Lesson One; the 己 is not self-reflexive, but refers to the perspective of the person who has the friend.	L14	 
容 (500)	róng\nCountenance, face, expression; to adorn [the face].	L14	40 (宀)
魂 (501)	hún\nSoul, spirit.\n\nOne of the “two souls” every human possesses, it goes heavenward after death.	L14	194 (鬼)
魄 (502)	pò\nSoul, spirit.\n\nOne of the “two souls” every human possesses, it goes into the earth after death. 魂魄 is a synonym compound for “soul.”	L14	194 (鬼)
愧 (503)	kuì\nTo feel ashamed; to shame.\n\nSynonym: 慚 (258).	L14	61 (心)
姓 (504)	xìng\nSurname, clan name.	L14	38 (女)
刑 (505)	xíng\n*1. Punishment, sentence; to punish.\n2. Model, image, ideal; to provide a model or example for [used for 型].\n\n刑人 thus means “convict” or generally anyone carrying out mandatory labor in punishment for a crime.	L14	18 (刀)
塗 (506)	tú\n*1. To paint, to coat in mud; paint, mud.\n2. Road, path [used for 途].	L14	32 (土)
廁 (507)	cè\nPrivy, outhouse, toilet.\n\nSometimes written 厕.	L14	53 (广)
挾 (508)	xié\nTo insert, to clasp underneath the arm.	L14	64 (手)
心動 (19a)	xīn dòng\nTo be suspicious, to be uneasy.	L14	 
刀 (509)	dāo\nKnife, blade, sword.	L14	18 (刀)
仇 (510)	chóu\nEnemy, foe; hatred, feud.\n\nThis character is used interchangeably with 讎 (408).	L14	9 (人)
誅 (511)	zhū\nTo execute, to punish.	L14	149 (言)
謹 (512)	jĭn\nTo be careful, to be conscientious.	L14	149 (言)
釋 (513)	shì\nTo free, to release, to explain.\n\nBecause this character was used in the sinicization of the Buddha’s name, Shakyamuni, it also comes to mean “Buddha” or “Buddhist”.	L14	165 (釆, “to distinguish”)
頃 (514)	qĭng\nTime, interval of time, brief period of time.\n\n居 (259) is frequently used in the expression 居頃 to mean “shortly afterwards,” “after a while.” The 之 here is a “dummy” character, inserted for the sake of the rhythm; this use is fairly typical in elapsed time expressions (cf. 久之 in Lesson 16).	L14	181 (頁)
厲 (515)	lì\n1. Severe, harsh; severity, harshness.\n*2. Sores, ulcers, blisters.\n\nMeaning #2 (used in this lesson) is used in substitution for the “correct” character, 癘. Exposure to the varnish destroys the skin. 豫讓 does this to give himself the appearance of a leper or similar diseased outcast.	L14	27 (厂)
吞 (516)	tūn\nTo swallow.	L14	30 (口)
炭 (517)	tàn\nAshes, charcoal, lye.	L14	86 (火)
啞 (518)	yă\nMute, hoarse.	L14	30 (口)
形 (519)	xíng\nExternal form, shape.	L14	59 (彡, “feathered hair ornament”)
狀 (520)	zhuàng\nForm, appearance, shape.\n\nHere, 狀 forms a synonym compound with 形.	L14	90 (爿, “bed,” “couch”)
乞 (521)	qĭ\nTo beg; beggar.	L14	5 (乙)
市 (522)	shì\nMarketplace, city; to purchase in a marketplace.	L14	50 (巾, “cloth”)
識 (523)	shì\nTo recognize, to know.	L14	149 (言)
友 (524)	yŏu\nFriend.	L14	29 (又)
汝 (525)	rŭ\nYou [second person pronoun, often informal or rude].	L14	85 (水)
泣 (526)	qì\nTo weep.	L14	85 (水)
才 (527)	cái\nTalent, ability.	L14	64 (手)
委 (528)	wĕi\nTo entrust, to give over to.	L14	38 (女)
質 (529)	zhí\nSubstance, matter, essence; substitute, pawn, hostage.\n\n委質 would mean something like 委身, i.e., “to entrust oneself.”	L14	154 (貝)
近 (530)	jìn\nClose, near, to approach, to be intimate with, to treat as a friend.\n\nIn the last two meanings, it is synonymous with 親 (464-2).	L14	162 (辵)
幸 (531)	xìng\nGood fortune; luckily; to favor, to treat well.\n\nIn the last two meanings it is synonymous with 寵 (489).	L14	32 (土)
顧 (532)	gù\n1. To look back, to regard; to look after, to heed.\n2. But, however, on the other hand.\n*3. How could . . . (used in rhetorical questions, expecting the opposite)\n\nThe concrete act of looking backwards led to meaning #2 – when one makes a counterstatement, a reservation, or a contradiction of oneself, one is “looking back”, so to speak. Meaning #3, used in our text here, is rather rare: 顧上易邪, “How could [that] not be easy?”	L14	181 (頁)
殘 (533)	cán\nTo decimate; to linger, to be left behind; cruel.	L14	78 (歹)
苦 (534)	kŭ\nTo suffer, to toil; bitter, toilsome; to find bitter or difficult, to suffer from.	L14	140 (艸)
懷 (535)	huái\n*1. To cherish, to harbor, to long for.\n2. Chest/bosom; to store in the folds of the garment over the chest.	L14	61 (心)
二心 (324a)	èr xīn\nDisloyal or traitorous intentions.	L14	 
極 (536)	jí\nExtremely, most; end, further extent; to get to the end of, to fathom.	L14	75 (木)
橋 (537)	qíao\nBridge.	L15	75 (木)
驚 (538)	jīng\nStartled, surprised; to startle.	L15	187 (馬)
數 (539)	shŭ (1), shù (2), shuò (3), cù (4)\nK: sak, su, chok\n*1. To number, to count; to berate, to scold.\n2. Several; number, quantity.\n3. Several times.\n4. Small-meshed [describes fishing nets].\n\nNote the three different pronunciations in Mandarin for the different parts of speech: a verb (originally meaning “to count,” but by extension meaning “to berate,” “to scold” – the idea being that the scolder is “counting up” the wrongdoings of the person he is addressing); an adjective or noun; and an adverb. Meaning #4 is a rare usage, and will occur in Lesson 23.	L15	66 (攵)
深 (540)	shēn\nDeep, profound; deeply; to sink.	L15	85 (水)
眾 (541)	zhòng\nCrowd, multitude, masses.\n\nThis character is written a number of ways, 衆 being the next most common.	L15	122 (网)
眾人 (541a)	zhòng rén\nMediocre person, ordinary person; commoners, the masses.	L15	 
遇 (542)	yù\n*1. To treat, to behave towards.\n2. To encounter, to meet.\n\nMeaning #2, though quite common, does not occur in our texts.	L15	162 (辵)
至於 (114a)	zhì yú\nAs for . . ., when it comes to . . .	L15	 
國士 (57a)	guó shì\nA knight renowned throughout the state.	L15	 
喟 (543)	kuì\nDeeply [used to describe sighing].	L15	30 (口)
歎 (544)	tàn\nTo sigh.\n\nYou may also find this character written 嘆.	L15	76 (欠, “lacking”)
息 (545)	xī\n*1. To sigh, to breathe; breath.\n2. To rest, to cease.\n\nHere, the character forms a synonym compound with 歎.	L15	61 (心)
寡 (546)	guă\n1. Rare, few, scarce.\n2. Orphan, widow.	L15	40 (宀)
寡人 (546a)	guă rén\n[Royal first person pronoun. Used only by rulers.]\n\nThough early commentators disagree on its origins, it probably means “the orphaned one” (i.e., the ruler has a right to the throne because of the death of his father). Others assert that it is an abbreviation of  寡德之人, “I, of few virtues” – that is, that it is a polite, self-effacing term.	L15	 
赦 (547)	shè\nTo pardon, to forgive.	L15	66 (攵)
明 (548)	míng\n1. Bright, shining.\n2. To understand, to clarify.\n*3. Wise, enlightened; to be enlightened.\n4. Clear; clear eyesight.\n5. Eminent, famous, high-quality.\n\nAlthough used in a very broad range of meanings, all of the meanings are more or less related to a sense of brightness or brilliance.	L15	72 (日)
主 (549)	zhŭ\nRuler, master; host.	L15	3 (丶)
掩 (550)	yăn\nTo cover, to conceal, to wipe.	L15	64 (手)
美 (551)	mĕi\nBeauty; beautiful; good points, assets.	L15	123 (羊)
寬 (552)	kuān\nMagnanimous, tolerant.	L15	40 (宀)
莫上 (368a)	mò bù\nEveryone (literally, “no one not . . . “).\n\nA double negative, somewhat more emphatic than 皆 (254). Compare also to 盡 (235).	L15	 
稱 (553)	chēng (1, 2), chèn (3)\n*1. To praise; to name, to term.\n2. To weigh.\n3. Suitable, agreeable; to fit, to find [something] suitable, to please.	L15	115 (禾)
願 (554)	yuàn\nTo be willing.\n\nThis is used most often as a polite request word (“I am willing to do that” or “I am willing for you to do that”), similar to 請 (144-1) (and is probably used as a synonym compound here).	L15	181 (頁)
擊 (555)	jí\nTo hit, to strike, to beat.	L15	64 (手)
意 (556)	yì\nThoughts, intentions, will; idea, significance.	L15	61 (心)
恨 (557)	hèn\nResentment, hatred; to hate, to resent.\n\nPartial synonyms: 怨 (5), 憎  (307).	L15	61 (心)
布 (558)	bù\nCloth; to unroll, to spread; to relate, to tell.\n\nThe meaning “to relate” derives figuratively from the image of a cloth being spread out.	L15	50 (巾)
腹心 (473a)	fù xīn\nInnermost feelings and thoughts [lit. “belly and heart”].	L15	 
拔 (559)	bá\nTo pull up or out, to rescue, to draw [a sword].	L15	64 (手)
劍 (560)	jiàn\nTwo-edged sword.\n\nThis is probably the most common word in literary Chinese for a sword.	L15	18 (刀)
躍 (561)	yuè\nTo leap, to jump.	L15	157 (足)
涕 (562)	tì\nTo weep; tears.\n\nTechnically, this is mucus flowing from the nose, but for obvious reasons, very few English translators render it literally.	L15	85 (水)
軹 (563)	zhĭ\nThe town of Zhi.\n\nName of a city in 魏.	L16	159 (車)
聶 (564)	niè\nNie [A surname].	L16	128 (耳)
政 (565)	zhèng\nGovernment, administration, management.\n\nHere, a personal name.	L16	66 (攵)
聶政 (564a)	niè zhèng\nNie Zheng [Name of an assassin retainer].	L16	 
井 (566)	jĭng\nWell [for drawing water]; village, village center.	L16	7 (二)
深井 (540a)	shēn jĭng\nDeepwell [name of a town].	L16	 
姊 (567)	zĭ\nElder sister.	L16	38 (女)
屠 (568)	tú\nButcher; to kill, to butcher, to put to the sword.\n\nThis was considered an “unclean” occupation in early China, and hence disgraceful. This attitude strengthened after the arrival of Buddhism.	L16	44 (尸)
久 (569)	jiŭ\nLong time, for a long time.\n\nNote the use of a “dummy” 之 (cf. 居頃之, Lesson 14, line 10).	L16	4 (丿)
濮 (570)	pú\nThe River Pu.\n\nLocated in modern Henan 河南.	L16	85 (水)
陽 (571)	yáng\nThe yang principle [as opposed to 陰, 427]; sunlight, the sunlit side of something.\n\nYou will find that 陽 is often used with the name of rivers to indicate the name of a town. Because China is located in the northern hemisphere, sunlight falls from the south directly onto the northern banks of rivers, so 陽 is used to indicate the northern bank. (With mountains, the opposite is true: 陽 is used for the southern side of a mountain, 陰 for the northern). Consequently, a town name like 濮陽 means “the northern bank of the River Pu.”	L16	170 (阜)
濮陽 (570a)	pú yáng\nThe Town of Puyang.\n\nTown located in the state of 衛 (274).	L16	 
嚴 (572)	yán\nStrict, severe; solemn, majestic.\n\nHere, a surname.	L16	30 (口)
嚴仲子 (572a)	yán zhòng zĭ\nYan Zhongzi [a politician from 衛 who served the state of 韓].\n\n仲子 was his “polite” name, and may have indicated his kinship position within his clan; his personal name was 遂.	L16	 
哀 (573)	āi\nTo grieve, to mourn, to lament, to pity; sorrowful, lamentable.	L16	30 (口)
哀侯 (573a)	aī hóu\nMarquis Ai [Name of a marquis of 韓.]\n\nScholars are agreed that the 史記 has made a mistake here, and the events described actually occurred during the reign of this ruler’s grandfather, Marquis Liè 列侯 (r. 399-387 B.C.E.)	L16	 
俠 (574)	xiá\nHeroic, chivalrous.\n\nHere, a surname. This character (which does not occur in its regular meaning in our texts) usually describes a forecrful, physically strong man trained in the use of weapons who goes above the law to right wrongs. Sometimes viewed favorably, such men were also seen often as vigilantes or bullies. The 史記 dedicates a collective biography to them.	L16	9 (人)
累 (575)	lèi\nInvolvement, trouble; to pile up, to accumulate; accumulated; to burden, to weary.\n\nHere, a personal name.	L16	120 (糸)
俠累 (574a)	xiá lèi\nXia Lei [a minister for the state of 韓].\n\n累 was his “polite” name; his personal name was Guĭ 傀.	L16	 
隙 (576)	xì\nCrack, fissure; grudge, quarrel, enmity, feud.	L16	170 (阜)
恐 (577)	kŏng\nTo fear; fear.	L16	61 (心)
游 (578)	yóu\nTo play, to stroll, to wander; to swim.\n\nIn all except the last meaning, this character is used interchangeably with 遊 (287).	L16	85 (水)
或 (579)	huò\n*1. Someone, somebody, some people.\n2. Sometimes.\n\nLike 莫 (368-1), this character is used like an adverb; it is often preceded by a subject that expresses the larger group: 左右或知之,  “Some of the retainers/someone among the retainers knew it.” 公或伐齊, “Some of the dukes/someone among the dukes attacked Qi.” 兵或欲殺之, “Some of the soldiers/someone among the soldiers wanted to kill him.”	L16	62 (戈)
隱 (580)	yĭn\n*1. To hide, to conceal; hidden, obscure.\n2. To be pained by, to be upset by.\n\nDo not confuse this character with 陰 (427), though the meanings do overlap. Meaning #2 (encountered in Lesson 25) is rare.	L16	170 (阜)
閒 (581)	jiān (1), xiàn (2)\n*1. Middle, midst.\n2. Leisurely, calm, idle; on vacation.\n\nIn meaning #1, this is a very common substitution for 間 (221).	L16	169 (門)
然後 (231a)	rán hòu\nOnly then.\n\nLiterally, “it being thus, afterwards”. Synonym: 而後 (35a, L2).	L16	 
黃 (582)	huáng\nYellow.	L16	201 (黃)
金 (583)	jīn\n1. Metal.\n*2. Precious metal (usually gold or silver).\n\nSince this characters’ meanings can be very broad, “yellow metal” 黃金 is sometimes used to specify “gold.” Sometimes the character can be used with a number to represent some quantity of gold or silver (cf. later in this lesson, 百金).	L16	167 (金)
鎰 (584)	yì\n[Measurement of monetary weight].\n\nGenerally considered as twenty or twenty-four 兩 (446-2).	L16	167 (金)
壽 (585)	shòu\nLong life; to toast [someone], to give a present to; a present.\n\nSince this character is a general term for “long life,” the other meanings are related to it: one toasts someone in order to wish them long life; one gives a present in order to congratulate someone on her/his long life. 嚴仲子 is trying to make 聶政feel obligated to him by evoking his filial feelings for his mother; such a present would have more impact on 政 than a present given directly to him would have.	L16	33 (士)
怪 (586)	guài\nStrange, weird; to find strange.\n\nThis is often used in the same way as 異 (342), although 怪 is often used to stress something unpleasant or unusually suspicious.	L16	61 (心)
謝 (587)	xiè\n1. To apologize.\n*2. To refuse.\n3. To say farewell to; to fade, to wither [describes plants, especially flowers].\n\nLiterary polite vocabulary often has overlapping meanings. This character’s meanings are probably derived originally from “to apologize”: Thus, “refuse” means “I’m sorry I can’t accept that” and “to say farewell” means “I’m sorry I have to go.” There is a considerable overlap of this character with 辭 (316).	L16	149 (言)
貧 (588)	pín\nPoor, indigent.	L16	154 (貝)
狗 (589)	gŏu\nDog.\n\nAlthough this is the most common character in modern Mandarin for “dog,” literary Chinese also frequently uses the character 犬 (755).	L16	94 (犬)
旦 (590)	dàn\nDawn.\n\nNotice the obvious visual content of this character: the sun coming up over the horizon.	L16	72 (日)
夕 (591)	xì\nEvening.	L16	36 (夕)
毳 (592)	cuì\n1. Down, fuzz, fur.\n*2. Crisp; crispy.\n\nIn meaning #2, this is a substitute for the “proper” character, 脆.	L16	82 (毛, “hair”)
甘毳 (291a)	gān cuì\nFine, delicious food.\n\nLiterary Chinese often takes adjectives that describe something postitive and use them as poetic substitutes for the thing itself. Hence, “sweet and crispy” means “good food.”	L16	 
供 (593)	gòng\nTo supply.	L16	9 (人)
備 (594)	bèi\nTo supply completely, to be prepared; thorough, complete.	L16	9 (人)
辟 (595)	bì (1); pì (3-4)\n*1. To avoid, to shun, to send away, to dismiss.\n2. To open up; to expand.\n3. Dissolute [behavior].\n4. Eccentric, stubborn, one-sided, perverse.\n\nThis character is used with a wide variety of meanings, sometimes as a simplified version of characters with added radicals. In meaning #1 (used in our lesson), it is a simplification of  避 (329). In this context, 嚴仲子 sends away his servants and others on the scene so that he can talk more privately with 聶政.	L16	160 (辛)
足下 (166a)	zú xià\nYou [polite].\n\nThis is more polite in flavor than 子(29-3). It derives its sense from the idea that one is so humble in the presence of a superior, that one cannot address the person oneself, but can only address the place “under his feet.”	L16	 
用 (596)	yòng\nTo use; to be useful; use, purpose.	L16	101 (用)
大人 (105a)	dà rén\n*1. Father, mother, parents [polite].\n2. A superior or great person; a person of great morality.	L16	 
麤 (597)	cū\nCoarse, rough [in manners], unpolished.\n\nConsisting of three “deer” characters, at thirty-three strokes it has the most strokes of any commonly used Chinese character. 粗 (1209) is a substitute often used for it.	L16	198 (鹿, “deer”)
糲 (598)	lì\nUnpolished rice.\n\n麤糲 is used here by 嚴仲子 to emphasize his humility; he is suggesting that his monetary gift is so insignificant, it can only purchase coarse food.	L16	119 (米, “rice”)
費 (599)	fèi\nExpense, price, cost; to waste.	L16	154 (貝)
交 (600)	jiāo\n*1. Friendship, association; to join, to form [friendship], to interchange.\n2. Mutually. Synonym: 相 (264-1).\n3. To meet, to clash.	L16	8 (亠)
驩 (601)	huān\nDelight, joy [obtained from friendship or sexual relations].\n\nThis is a variant of the more commonly appearing 歡.	L16	187 (馬)
豈 (602)	qĭ\nHow . . ., how could . . .\n\nUsed for rhetorical questions when a negative answer is expected. Note that this is opposite of the so-called “modal” 其 introduced in Lesson 11 (see 11.6), which anticipates a positive answer when used in a question.	L16	151 (豆, “bean”)
降 (603)	xiáng (1), jiàng (2)\n*1. To surrender, to make surrender, to suppress.\n2. To descend, to fall.\n\nMeaning #2, though common, does not occur in our texts.	L16	170 (阜)
市井 (522a)	shì jĭng\nMarket, village.\n\nThis compound can also appear as 井市.	L16	 
竟 (604)	jìng\n*1. To end, to conclude, finally. Synonyms: 終 (31), 卒 (269-1).\n2. Border, frontier, demarcation [used for 境378]).	L16	117 (立)
賓 (605)	bīn\nGuest.	L16	40 (宀)
葬 (606)	zàng\nTo bury, to mourn; burial, mourning.	L17	140 (艸). Partial synonym: 喪 (433)
除 (607)	chú\nTo remove, to get rid of.	L17	170 (阝)
朊 (608)	fú\n*1. Clothes, attire.\n2. Covering, case, quiver [for arrows].\n3. To submit to, to accept.	L17	74 (月)
除朊 (607a)	chú fú\nTo remove mourning clothes; to end the mourning period.\n\nRitual texts usually prescribed the period of time for which one mourned for various family members.	L17	 
遠 (609)	yuăn\nDistant, far way; to avoid, to keep at a distance, to consider a great distance.\n\nNote the last meaning, which is a common “putative” use (上遠千里 is a common cliché).	L17	162 (辵)
枉 (610)	wăng\nTo go out of one’s way.\n\nThis is often used in polite language to describe a visit someone else pays to oneself (they have “gone out of their way” to see you).	L17	75 (木)
騎 (611)	jì (1), qí (2)\n*1. Horseman, cavalry.\n2. To ride [a horse].\n\nNote the different Mandarin pronunciations for the noun and the verb.	L17	187 (馬)
車騎 (278a)	jū jì\nEntourage, mounted escort.	L17	 
鮮 (612)	xiăn\nRare, few, seldom; meager, scanty.	L17	195 (魚)
功 (613)	gōng\nMerit, achievement, accomplishment.	L17	19 (力)
感 (614)	găn\nEmotion, feeling; to feel, to be moved by.	L17	61 (心)
忿 (615)	fèn\nAnger, fury; to be angry.\n\nSynonym: 怒 (49).	L17	61 (心)
睚 (616)	yá\nThe corner of the eye; to stare.	L17	109 (目)
眥 (617)	zì, chài\nTo stare in fury.\n\nThis and 616 are relatively rare characters, and occur mostly together. See the commentary for interpreting this phrase.	L17	109 (目)
窮 (618)	qióng\n*1. End, exhaustion; to exhaust; impoverished.\n2. To fathom, to understand fully.\n\nThis character means “the very end [of something]”, or “coming to the end [of something]” – for example, using up all of one’s money, following a river back to its original source, etc. In this sense, it is used very much like 盡 (235). However, unlike that other character, it can also mean “impoverished,” that is, so poor that one has no alternatives left (cf. English “at the end of one’s rope”). In this meaning, it is synonymous with 貧 (588), but is much stronger and more desperate in tone. In the second meaning, the sense is to “exhaust” some area of knowledge.	L17	116 (穴)
僻 (619)	pì\nOut of the way, secluded; one-sided, biased.\n\nThis is one of the characters that 辟 (595) substitutes for.	L17	9 (人)
安 (620)	ān\n*1. How?, where?\n2. Peace; peaceful. Synonym: 和 (355).\n\nMeaning #1 is used often, but not exclusively, in rhetorical questions.	L17	40 (宀)
默 (621)	mò\nSilent, mute.	L17	203 (黑, “black”)
而已 (35b)	ér yĭ\nAnd that is all, and that’s the end of it.\n\nIdiomatic sentence closing phrase; in fused form, becomes 耳 (21-2); see 14.4.	L17	 
要 (622)	yāo (1); yào (2)\n*1. To invite, to ask for.\n2. Essential; necessity, essential point.\n\nIn meaning #1, this is a generally accepted substitution for the more “proper” character, 邀.	L17	146 (西, “west”)
天年 (6b)	tiān nián\n“Heaven-appointed years,” i.e., natural lifespan.	L17	 
西 (623)	xī\nWest.\n\nNotice the frequent usage of directions as verbs (i.e., “to go east”) or as adverbs (i.e., “eastwards”).	L17	146 (西)
誰 (624)	shéi, shuí\nWho.\n\n為誰 (“is who?”) is the most common way to ask about someone’s identity.	L17	149 (言)
從 (625)	cóng (1-3), zòng (4), zōng (5)\n1. To follow, to accompany, to be accompanied by.\n*2. To carry out, to undertake.\n3. From, by way of [coverb, used the same way as 自, 15-2].\n4. Attendant, entourage.\n5. Tracks, traces, footprints [used for 蹤].\n\n從事 would then mean “to undertake an affair.”	L17	60 (彳)
季父 (418b)	jì fù\nYounger uncle. Compare 仲父 (113a, Lesson 4).	L17	 
宗 (626)	zōng\nAncestor, ancestral, clan [descended from a common ancestor]; kindred; school, sect.\n\nNotice that the character consists of the religious sacrifice radical (示) under a roof.	L17	40 (宀)
族 (627)	zú\nClan, tribe, family.\n\nThere is some debate among anthropologists on the full scope and significance of terms like 宗, 族, and also 氏 (486).	L17	70 (方)
盛 (628)	shèng\nTo prosper, to flourish; flourishing, abundant.	L17	108 (皿)
多 (629)	duō\nMany, much; to possess many/much.\n\nThough normally used as an adjective or adverb, it is not uncommon for writers to use it as a verbal abbreviation of 有多 (cf. the end of this lesson’s text). E.g., 王多馬, “the king possesses many horses.”	L17	36 (夕)
處 (630)	chŭ (1), chù (2)\n1. To dwell [in a place], to manage, to deal with. Partial synonym: 居 (259).\n*2. Place, location. Partial synonym: 所 (78).\n\nThough the phrase in the text is a little obscure, 居處 probably is the equivalent 所居之處, “the place where he dwells.”	L17	141 (虍, “tiger”)
設 (631)	shè\nPrepare, provide, establish; to be complete, to be completely prepared.	L17	149 (言)
益 (632)	yì\nTo increase; increasingly; benefit, advantage.	L17	108 (皿)
壯 (633)	zhuàng\nStrong, robust; prime [of one’s life].	L17	33 (士)
壯士 (633a)	zhuàng shì\nStalwart men, strong fellows.\n\nNotice that sometimes 士 (96) can be used as a suffix simply to mean “men,” “fellows,” without the social class indications.	L17	 
輔 (634)	fŭ\nTo assist, to help.\n\nThis meaning derives from the character’s original use, to describe the protective sidebars on a carriage.	L17	159 (車)
翼 (635)	yì\nWings; to assist, to help.\n\n輔翼 is a synonym compound.	L17	124 (羽)
勢 (636)	shì\nStrength, power, momentum, circumstances, conditions.\n\nThis character has a complex series of meanings largely determined by context, and it is difficult to summarize briefly its total range.	L17	19 (力)
其勢 (73b)	qí shì\n[Under] these circumstances.\n\nA stock opening phrase.	L17	 
語 (637)	yŭ (1), yù (2)\n*1. Words, speech; to discuss, to talk about.\n2. To say to, to address.\n\nIn meaning #2, 語 is used like 謂 (252-2): for example, 臣語王曰, “the minister said to the king . . .” Or with the object suppressed: 臣語曰, “the minister said to him . . .”	L17	 
泄 (638)	xiè\nTo leak.	L17	85 (水)
殆 (639)	dài\n*1. To be endangered.\n2. Probably, no doubt.	L17	78 (歹)
杖 (640)	zhàng\nWalking stick; to walk with a walking stick, to use [something] as a walking stick.\n\nFor a discussion of this usage, see note 18.1 below.	L18	75 (木)
府 (641)	fŭ\nGovernment office, government bureau, headquarters.	L18	53 (广)
戟 (642)	jĭ\nTwo-pronged spear, halberd.	L18	62 (戈)
直 (643)	zhí\n*1. Straight, direct; directly.\n2. Only, merely.	L18	109 (目)
呼 (644)	hū\nTo cry out, to shout.	L18	30 (口)
皮 (645)	pí\nSkin, hide; to skin, to strip.	L18	107 (皮)
決 (646)	jué\nTo decide; decidedly; to cut through, to gouge out.	L18	85 (水)
眼 (647)	yăn\nEye.\n\nSynonym: 目 (22).	L18	109 (目)
腸 (648)	cháng\nIntestines, bowels.	L18	130 (肉)
取 (649)	qŭ\nTo take, to accept, to capture.\n\nAn extremely common verb in literary Chinese.	L18	29 (又)
尸 (650)	shī\nCorpse, dead body.\n\nThis word is often seen now in the more complex version 屍.	L18	44 (尸)
暴 (651)	pù (1), bào (2)\n*1. To expose.\n*2. Cruel, violent, savage.\n\nNote that both meanings of this character occur in this lesson. Meaning #1 is probably a simplification of 曝, which can also mean “to air,” “to dry in the sun.”	L18	72 (日)
購 (652)	gòu\nTo buy, to purchase, to hire.	L18	154 (貝)
購問 (652a)	gòu wèn\nTo offer a reward for information.	L18	 
縣 (653)	xiàn (1), xuán (2)\n1. District, county.\n*2. To hang, to suspend.\n\nMeaning #2 (which occurs in this lesson) is actually a common substitution for the “correct” character, 懸. For its specialized usage in this case, see compound below.	L18	120 (糸)
縣購 (653a)	xuán gòu\nTo hang up a reward in order to obtain information.\n\nThe author means here that after exposing the body in the marketplace and getting no results, the 韓 ruler hangs a bag of gold in a public place with a notice of reward. A number of early Chinese texts mention this custom.	L18	
榮 (654)	róng (1), yíng (2)\n1. Glory, prosperity; to prosper.\n*2. Ying [Personal name of 聶政’s sister].	L18	75 (木)
賊 (655)	zéi\n*1. Thief, bandit.\n2. To do injury to, to harm.	L18	154 (貝)
於邑 (11b)	wū yī\nTo sigh; Alas!\n\n(These characters are employed onomatopoetically; note the different pronunciation).	L18	 
哭 (656)	kū\nTo sob, to cry.\n\nThis is noisy crying, as opposed to 泣 (526), which is silent.	L18	30 (口)
所謂 (78b)	suŏ wèi\nSo-called, known as . . .	L18	 
虐 (657)	nǜe\nCruel, oppressive; to be cruel to, to do violence to.	L18	141 (虍)
夫人 (190a)	fū rén\nLady, wife.\n\nHere, used as a polite form of address.	L18	 
應 (658)	yìng\nTo answer.	L18	61 (心)
蒙 (659)	méng\nTo bear, to take, to suffer.	L18	140 (艸)
污 (660)	wū\n*1. To stain, to dirty; dirt, filth; dirty, filthy, corrupt.\n2. Pool, pond, waterhole.	L18	85 (水)
販 (661)	fàn\nTo buy, to sell; merchant, peddler.	L18	154 (貝)
恙 (662)	yàng\nIllness, misfortune.\n\nThis character occurs most often in its negated form, 無恙, which is a standard way to say “in good health,” “still alive.” 無恙乎  (“have you no illnesses?”) is a standard way of saying “How are you?”	L18	61 (心)
妾 (663)	qiè\n1. Concubine.\n*2. “I” [humble first-person pronoun used by women].	L18	38 (女)
嫁 (664)	jià\nTo marry [of women]; to marry off [a daughter].	L18	38 (女)
下世 (51a)	xià shì\nTo pass away, to leave the world.	L18	 
察 (665)	chá\nTo examine, to investigate, to inquire after.	L18	40 (宀)
澤 (666)	zé\nSwamp, marsh; moisture, blessing.\n\nThe meaning “blessing” derives from “moisture” – metaphorically the water that nourishes crops and growth.	L18	85 (水)
奈 (667)	nài\nUsed only in combination with 奈何; see below.	L18	37 (大)
奈何 (667a)	nài hé\nWhat to do about . . . ?\n\nThe first character is also written 柰. 奈何 is thought by modern scholars to be a fusion of 如之何 (cf. 如何, 129b, Lesson 13). Even more than 如何, it is used to indicate perplexity or indecision. Literary Chinese writers soon forgot the fusion and often placed the object of perplexity either between the two characters or after them: e.g., 奈我命何 or 奈何我命, “What can I do about my fate?”	L18	 
尚 (668)	shàng\n*1. Still. Synonym: 猶 (356).\n2. To esteem, to honor.	L18	30 (口)
重 (669)	zhòng (1), chóng (2)\n*1. Heavy, important; to consider important.\n2. Repeated, repeatedly.\n\nMeaning #2, though common, does not occur in our texts.	L18	166 (里)
歿 (670)	mò\nTo perish, to die.\n\nThis character is used interchangeably with 沒, “to sink,” “to perish,” but only when death is involved.	L18	78 (歹)
悲 (671)	bēi\nSad; sadness; to lament.	L18	61 (心)
旁 (672)	páng\nSide, nearby.	L18	70 (方)
烈 (673)	liè\nVehement, intense, passionate; heroic, martyred.	L18	86 (火)
鄉 (674)	xiàng (1), xiāng (2)\n*1. Formerly, previously, in the recent past; to face, to be opposite to.\n2. Village, town.\n\nThe more “proper” usage for this character is meaning #2. However, there is a fairly complicated character – 嚮 – which, because of its complexity, tended to be split into its two components for simplification purposes. Thus, you will find 嚮, 鄉 (the top part of the character) and 向 (1139) all used to mean “formerly,” “previously,” etc.	L18	163 (邑)
誠 (675)	chéng\nTruly, really; honest, sincere.\n\nPartial synonym: 實 (339).	L18	149 (言)
濡 (676)	rú\nTo moisten (here, used with special meaning in compound; see 676a below).	L18	85 (水)
忍 (677)	rĕn\nTo bear, to endure.	L18	61 (心)
濡忍 (676a)	róu rĕn\nCompliant, gentle, willing to tolerate.\n\nThis usage of 濡 is found only in this compound. Note different pronunciation in Mandarin.	L18	 
骸 (678)	hái\nSkeleton, body, corpse.	L18	188 (骨)
險 (679)	xiăn\nDangerous, obstructed; dangers, obstructions.	L18	170 (阜)
列 (680)	liè\nRow, rank; to line up, to rank.\n\n列吊 thus means “to place [someone’s] name in the ranks” – i.e., to make someone’s name known.	L18	18 (刀)
僇 (681)	lù\nTo kill, to massacre; to disgrace, to shame.\n\nHere the verb is read passively.	L18	9 (人)
褒 (682)	bāo\nThe state of Bao.	L19	145 (衣)
姒 (683)	sì\nSi [A surname].\n\nHence, the name of the main character is actually “Si of Bao.”	L19	38 (女)
童 (684)	tóng\nChild, prepubescent child, virgin.	L19	117 (立)
周 (685)	zhōu\nZhou Dynasty (traditionally accepted dates 1122-255 B.C.E).	L19	30 (口)
幽 (686)	yōu\nHidden, mysterious; supernatural.	L19	52 (么, “small”)
幽王 (686a)	yōu wáng\nKing You of the Zhou. (r. 781-770 B.C.).	L19	 
后 (687)	hòu\n*1. Empress, principal consort.\n*2. House, clan, ruler.\n\nThe second group of meanings (house, clan, ruler) is rarer and more archaic, and occurs in line 2 (夏后).	L19	30 (口)
夏 (688)	xià\n1. The Xia dynasty [name of a largely legendary dynasty, early 2nd millennium B.C.E.].\n2. Summer.	L19	35 (夊)
神 (689)	shén\nSpirit, god, divinity.	L19	113 (示)
化 (690)	huà\n*1. To transform, to change.\n2. To transform morally and ethically; to teach.\n\nMeaning #1 is often used of supernatural transformations. Meaning #2 occurs often in Confucian political rhetoric, and often refers to the power of the ruler to transform his people for the better.	L19	21 (匕)
龍 (691)	lóng\nDragon.	L19	212 (龍)
庭 (692)	tíng\n*1. Court [of a ruler].\n2. Courtyard, garden.\n\nThe more “proper” character for meaning #1 is 廷.	L19	53 (广)
余 (693)	yú\nI, me, my, we, us, our [first person pronoun].\n\nThis is a fairly common pronoun, though it only occurs in this lesson in our texts.	L19	9 (人)
卜 (694)	bŭ\nTo divine, to tell fortune; divination, prophecy; diviner.	L19	25 (卜)
吉 (695)	jí\nAuspicious, lucky.\n\nThis is one of the standard answers to a divination, the other being “unlucky,” “inauspicious” (凶, 861).	L19	30 (口)
漦 (696)	lí\nSaliva, spittle.	L19	85 (水)
藏 (697)	cáng\nTo hide, to conceal, to store, to save [goods or treasure].	L19	140 (艸)
幣 (698)	bì\nSacrificial offerings; gifts, presents, money.	L19	50 (巾 )
忽 (699)	hū\nSuddenly, abruptly.	L19	61 (心)
櫝 (700)	dú\nCabinet, closet.	L19	75 (木)
郊 (701)	jiāo\nCeremony for offering sacrifices to heaven and earth; altar or temple for such sacrifices.\n\nBecause the altar was located outside of the city walls (城), this character eventually was used to describe the suburban areas of a city.	L19	163 (邑, 阝)
厲王 (515a)	lì wáng\nKing Li of the Zhou (r. 878-827 B.C.).	L19	 
末 (702)	mò\nEnd, tip, latter part, unimportant part, end.\n\nOften used as opposite to 本 (root, basics; 74). Do not confuse with 未 (302); the two cross-lines have different lengths in relation to each other.	L19	75 (木)
婦 (703)	fù\nWoman, wife.\n\nCompare to 妻 (192), which can only refer to a wife. Here, 婦人 is a general term for “women.”	L19	38 (女)
裸 (704)	luŏ\nBare, nude, naked; to strip clothes off.	L19	145 (衣)
譟 (705)	zào\nTo make a racket, to abuse, to curse.	L19	149 (言)
玄 (706)	xuán\nBlack, dark; mysterious.	L19	95 (玄)
蚖 (707)	yuán\nLizard.	L19	142 (虫, “insect-like or reptilian animal”)
後宮 (53a)	hòu gōng\nRear palace [women’s quarters].	L19	 
齔 (708)	chèn\nTo have one’s adult teeth come in; to lose one’s baby teeth.	L19	211 (齒, “teeth”)
遭 (709)	zāo\nTo encounter, to meet up with [often a bad thing].	L19	162 (辵)
笄 (710)	jī\nWoman’s hairpin; age at which a woman begins wearing such a hairpin [usually fifteen].	L19	118 (竹)
孕 (711)	yùn\nTo be pregnant, to conceive.	L19	39 (子)
宣 (712)	xuān\nTo proclaim, to make public.	L19	40 (宀)
宣王 (712a)	xuān wáng\nKing Xuan of the Zhou (r. 827-781 B.C.E.).	L19	 
產 (713)	chăn\n*1. To produce, to bear, to give birth to.\n2. Means of livelihood.	L19	100 (生)
乳 (714)	rŭ\n1. Breasts; milk; to nurse, to produce breast milk.\n*2. To give birth.\n\nThough meaning #1 is much more common, meaning #2 is more likely here.	L19	5 (乙)
先是 (150b)	xiān shì\nBefore this, earlier.\n\nThe character 初 (305) is also used in this way. Both introduce some event that occurred before the main time frame in which the narrator has located himself.	L19	 
謠 (715)	yáo\nRhyme, song, folk song.	L19	149 (言)
童謠 (684a)	tóng yáo\nChildren’s rhyme; playground song.\n\nIn traditional Chinese narratives, children’s songs are often prophetic.	L19	 
檿 (716)	yăn\nMulberry wood.	L19	75 (木)
弧 (717)	hú\nBow.	L19	57 (弓)
箕 (718)	jī\nBamboo winnowing basket.\n\nA 箕朊 is therefore a quiver (朊, 608-2) shaped like a bamboo winnowing basket (箕).	L19	118 (竹)
寔 (719)	shí\nTruly, really, actually.\n\nThis is an archaic variant of the more common character 實 (339).	L19	40 (宀)
賣 (720)	mài\nTo sell.	L19	154 (貝)
戮 (721)	lù\nTo execute, to kill, to slaughter.\n\nSometimes used interchangeably with 僇 (681). Note that in this case the use of 使 tells us that the king sends someone to do this.	L19	62 (戈)
號 (722)	háo(1); hào (2)\n*1. To scream, to cry, to wail. Partial synonym: 呼 (644).\n*2. To call, to give a name to. Partial synonyms: 曰 (120), 謂 (252).\n\nMeaning #1 is used here, #2 two lines further down.	L19	141 (虍)
竄 (723)	cuàn\nTo escape, to flee, to go into hiding.\n\nNote that the character consists of “cave” and “rat.”	L19	116 (穴)
姁 (724)	xū\nXu of Bao (A name; the ruler of 褒 at the time).	L19	38 (女)
獄 (725)	yù\nLegal case; crime; prison.	L19	94 (犬)
贖 (726)	shú\nTo redeem, to compensate for.	L19	154 (貝)
嬖 (727)	bì\nSexual favorite [of a ruler].\n\nHere, used causatively: “to make [someone] a sexual favorite.”	L19	38 (女)
伯朊 (206c)	bó fú\nBofu (son of 褒姒).	L19	 
申 (728)	shēn\nTo stretch, to extend.\n\nHere, it is the name of a fiefdom.	L19	102 (田)
申侯 (728a)	shēn hóu\nThe Marquis of Shen.	L19	 
宜 (729)	yí\nSuitable, appropriate.\n\nHere, the character is part of a name.	L19	40 (宀)
臼 (730)	jiù\nMortar.\n\nHere, the character is part of a name.	L19	134 (臼)
宜臼 (729a)	yí jiù\nYijiu (the son of the former queen and 幽王).\n\nNote the prevalence of harem politics here. By removing the son of the daughter of 申侯 (his former queen) from the position of grand prince, the king alienates 申侯 and paves the way for the latter’s revolt mentioned several lines later.	L19	 
惑 (731)	huò\nTo be confused, to be deluded; to be infatuated with [sexually].	L19	61 (心)
乘 (732)	chéng (1-2),  shèng (3)\n*1. To ride in a vehicle.\n2. To take advantage of [a situation].\n3. [Measure word for carriages].	L19	4 (丿)
卹 (733)	xù\nTo care about, to have pity on, to pay attention to.\n\nThis is a variant character of the more common 恤.	L19	26 (卩)
驅 (734)	qū\nTo gallop, to ride a horse, to drive a horse; to force, to drive [someone to do something].	L19	187 (馬)
馳 (735)	chí\nTo gallop, to hurry.\n\n驅馳 often occurs with the poetic meaning, “to go hunting for pleasure.”	L19	187 (馬)
弋 (736)	yì\nA bow and arrow with a string tied to the bow for retrieval; to go hunting with such a weapon.	L19	56 (弋)
獵 (737)	liè\nTo hunt.	L19	94 (犬)
上時 (4b)	bù shí\nAt any time.\n\nThis idiomatic expression derives its meaning from the idea that something is done “at no [specific] time.”	L19	 
湎 (738)	miăn\nDrunk, intoxicated.	L19	85 (水)
流湎 (222a)	liú miăn\nTo be drunk constantly.	L19	 
倡 (739)	chāng\nPopular entertainment [often of a sexual nature]; prostitutes.	L19	9 (人)
優 (740)	yōu\nPopular entertainment or entertainers; actors.	L19	9 (人)
續 (741)	xù\nTo continue; in a sequence.	L19	120 (糸)
晝 (742)	zhòu\nDay, daytime.\n\nDistinguish from 盡 (235).	L19	72 (日)
端 (743)	duān\nEnd; reason; method.	L19	117 (立)
烽 (744)	fēng\nWatch beacon, warning beacon.	L19	86 (火)
燧 (745)	suì\nWatch beacon, warning beacon.\n\n烽燧 is a synonym compound; most often, a writer will just use 烽.	L19	86 (火)
寇 (746)	kòu\nBandits, raiders; to go raiding.	L19	40 (宀)
悉 (747)	xī\nAll.\n\nGrammarians have observed that originally this adverb seemed to apply mostly to plural objects. For example, while the sentence 王皆愛其臣 would usually be interpreted as “Kings all love their minister(s),” 王悉愛其臣 would more likely be “The king loves all of his ministers” (in other words, 皆 (254) would indicate a plurality of kings, while 悉 would indicate a plurality of ministers). However, as we can see from this lesson, the distinction came to be ignored, and 皆 and 悉 came to be used interchangeably.	L19	61 (心)
悅 (748)	yuè\nTo delight, to give pleasure to; delighted, happy.\n\nNotice that this is the “correct” form for a certain use of 說 (402-2).	L19	61 (心)
火 (749)	huŏ\nFire.	L19	86 (火)
唯 (750)	wéi\nOnly.	L19	30 (口)
諛 (751)	yú\nTo flatter, to be obsequious towards.	L19	149 (言)
百姓 (75a)	băi xìng\nThe common people [lit. “the hundred surnames”].	L19	 
乖 (752)	guāi\nPerverse, obstinate; to be stubborn, to be disobedient.\n\nDon’t confuse with 乘 (732)!	L19	4 (丿)
離 (753)	lí\nTo part from; to separate, to distinguish; separated from, parted; alienated from, hostile.	L19	172 (隹)
繒 (754)	zēng\nThe state of Zeng.	L19	120 (糸)
西夷 (623a)	xī yí\nWestern “Yi” tribes [name of a barbarian group].	L19	 
犬 (755)	quăn\nDog.	L19	94 (犬)
戎 (756)	róng\n1. [General name for “barbarian” tribes in the west.]\n2. Military affairs; soldiering.	L19	62 (戈)
犬戎 (755a)	quăn róng\nThe “Dog Rong” tribes [name of a barbarian group].	L19	 
徵 (757)	zhēng\nTo draft, to conscript, to order [someone to appear].	L19	60 (ㄔ)
驪 (758)	lí\nBlack [horse.]\n\nHere, the name of a mountain.	L19	187 (馬)
驪山 (758a)	lí shān\nMt. Li.\n\nNear modern 西安; it is also the site of the first 秦 emperor’s tomb.	L19	 
虜 (759)	lŭ\nTo capture, to take prisoner; prisoner, captive.\n\nYou will also find that this character is used as a pejorative term for “barbarian” enemies.	L19	141 (虍)
賂 (760)	lù\nGoods, wealth, treasures; bribes; to bribe.	L19	154 (貝)
平王 (431a)	píng wáng\nKing Ping of the Zhou (r. 770-719 B.C.E.).	L19	 
詩 (761)	shī\nPoetry; The Classic of Poetry (詩經); a poem from the Classic of Poetry.\n\nLines from this classic are often quoted to ornament a story or illustrate a point.	L19	149 (言)
云 (762)	yún\nTo say.\n\nSynonym: 曰 (120), although 云 is used more often for textual quotations.	L19	7 (二)
赫 (763)	hè\nGlorious, shining.\n\nNotice the poetic “reduplication” of the adjective.	L19	155 (赤, “red”)
頌 (764)	sòng\nHymn, ode, eulogy.\n\nFor use of this term, see 19.11 below.	L19	181 (頁)
興 (765)	xīng\nTo awaken, to arise; to flourish, to become eminent; to raise up, to mobilize.	L19	134 (臼)
配 (766)	pèi\nTo pair with, to match; to marry, to become the spouse of.	L19	164 (酉)
祀 (767)	sì\nReligious sacrifices; to sacrifice [usually to ancestors or to the royal house].	L19	113 (示)
鄒 (768)	zōu\nThe state of Zou (Name of a small state near 魯 and 齊).	L20	163 (邑)
孟 (769)	mèng\n1. Beginning, initial [used to describe the first month of each season].\n*2.  [A surname].	L20	39 (子)
軻 (770)	kē\nPair of wheels; axle tree.\n\nHere, a personal name.	L20	159 (車)
孟軻 (769a)	mèng kē\nMeng Ke (personal name of the philosopher Mencius 孟子).	L20	 
舊 (771)	shè (1), shĕ (2)\n*1. Lodging, abode; to lodge at, to reside in.\n2. To reject, to cast aside, to throw away, to let go.\n\nWith meaning #2 the word is often written as 捨.	L20	135 (舌)
墓 (772)	mù\nTomb, grave mound.	L20	32 (土)
嬉 (773)	xī\nTo enjoy, to be pleased; to play, to amuse oneself.	L20	38 (女)
踴 (774)	yŏng\nTo leap and jump about.\n\nWith 躍 (561), 踴 forms a compound 踴躍, meaning “to leap about and dance (with enthusiasm or joy).” 踴 is sometimes written 踊.	L20	157 (足)
築 (775)	zhú\nTo build [usually through ramming earth].	L20	118 (竹)
埋 (776)	mái\nTo bury.	L20	32 (土)
傍 (777)	páng\nSide, beside; to be at the side of.	L20	9 (人)
戲 (778)	xì\nGame; to play, to tease; drama.	L20	62 (戈)
賈 (779)	gŭ\nMerchant; mercantile activities.\n\nDon’t confuse with 賣 (720)!	L20	154 (貝)
衒 (780)	xuàn\nTo display [often goods in a shop or market stall].	L20	144 (行)
徙 (781)	xĭ\nTo move [one’s place of residence].\n\nDon’t confuse with 徒 (337)!	L20	60 (彳)
學 (782)	xué\nTo study; study, erudition.	L20	39 (子)
學宮 (782a)	xué gōng\nSchool.	L20	 
俎 (783)	zŭ\n[Platter used in religious sacrifices.]	L20	9 (人)
豆 (784)	dòu\n*1. Bowl [here, a special bowl used in religious sacrifices].\n2. Beans.	L20	151 (豆)
揖 (785)	yī\nTo bow.	L20	64 (手)
退 (786)	tuì\nTo retreat, to withdraw.\n\n進退 here refers to proper considerations of when to advance or retreat under the guidelines of ritual (禮).	L20	162 (辵)
藝 (787)	yì\nArt, craft, artistic accomplishment.	L20	140 (艸)
六藝 (393a)	liù yì\nThe Six Arts.\n\nFor an early Chinese gentleman, these were rites, music, archery, charioteering, writing, and mathematics.	L20	 
儒 (788)	rú\nScholar, Confucian, Confucian gentleman.\n\nThis is the character that comes closest to designating Confucianism as a philosophy or way of life.	L20	9 (人)
漸 (789)	jiàn\nGradual; gradually, finally.	L20	85 (水)
姝 (790)	shū\nBeautiful, handsome, fine.	L20	38 (女)
績 (791)	jī\nSpinning thread; unthreading silk cocoons.\n\nThis was considered classic women’s work.	L20	120 (糸)
自若 (15a)	zì ruò\nSame as usual; nothing different.\n\nIdiomatic expression. This can also mean “calm,” “composed.”	L20	 
斷 (792)	duàn\nTo break, to sever, to cut off; to decide.	L20	69 (斤, “axe”)
織 (793)	zhī\nTo weave; weaving; woven cloth.	L20	120 (糸)
斯 (794)	sī\n*1. This, these [substitution for 此 – 145].\n2. Then [substitution for 則 – 153].\n\nAs you can see, this character is generally used to express two meanings that are more often represented by other characters.	L20	69 (斤)
廣 (795)	guăng\nBroad; to broaden.	L20	53 (广)
是以 (203a)	shì yĭ\nConsequently, therefore.\n\nIdiomatic inversion of 以是, “by means of this.” Synonym: 故 (285-1).	L20	 
寧 (796)	níng\n*1. At peace, peaceful, calm.\n*2. How . . .? [rhetorical question, same meaning as 豈 (602)].\n3. To prefer to, rather.\n\nNote that while meaning #1 occurs here first in the synonym compound 安寧, the second meaning occurs two lines later. The third meaning doesn’t occur until Lesson 40.	L20	40 (宀)
害 (797)	hài\nHarm, damage, disaster; to harm.	L20	40 (宀)
免 (798)	miăn\nTo avoid, to escape.	L20	10 (儿)
廝 (799)	sī\nMenial servant.	L20	53 (广)
役 (800)	yì\nServant; servitude.	L20	60 (彳)
乏 (801)	fá\nTo be lacking.	L20	4 (丿)
糧 (802)	liáng\nProvisions, grain, food.	L20	119 (米)
男 (803)	nán\nMan, male; son.	L20	19 (力)
墮 (804)	duò\n1. To fall, to sink.\n*2. To become indolent, lazy, or careless.\n\nThe second group of meanings acts as a substitute for 惰.	L20	32 (土)
勤 (805)	qín\nTo strive, to make an effort.	L20	19 (力)
子思 (29a)	zĭsī\nZisi [Name of one of Confucius’ most important disciples].	L20	 
娶 (806)	qŭ\nTo marry [used of men].\n\nThis is the male equivalent of 嫁 (664).	L21	38 (女)
私室 (407a)	sī shì\nBedroom.	L21	 
袒 (807)	tăn\nTo lay bare, to strip [usually to the waist]; to be partially naked.	L21	145 (衣)
夫子 (190b)	fū zĭ\nHusband, lord, master.\n\nHere, the wife uses it as a polite term for her husband; but it can also be a polite term of address to show respect (as it does in Lesson 25).	L21	 
勃 (808)	bó\nAbrupt.\n\nNote the typical adverb suffix 然 (231-3) attached here.	L21	19 (力)
召 (809)	zhào\nTo summon, to send for, to beckon.	L21	30 (口)
孰 (810)	shú\nWho? Which? What?	L21	39 (子)
存 (811)	cún\nTo be present, to exist, to survive; to preserve.	L21	39 (子)
敬 (812)	jìng\nTo respect, to honor, to revere; respect, honor.	L21	66 (攵)
聲 (813)	shēng\nVoice, sound.	L21	128 (耳)
揚 (814)	yáng\nTo spread, to propagate, to raise.	L21	64 (手)
戒 (815)	jiè\nTo warn, to admonish, to prohibit.	L21	62 (戈)
責 (816)	zé\nTo blame, to take to task; blame, censure; responsibility, guilt.	L21	154 (貝)
留 (817)	liú\nTo detain, to keep; to remain.	L21	102 (田)
姑 (818)	gū\nGirl, maiden, maiden aunt; mother-in-law.	L21	38 (女)
姑母 (818a)	gūmŭ\nMother-in-law.	L21	 
擁 (819)	yŏng\nTo embrace, to hold, to possess, to press upon, to lean upon.	L21	64 (手)
楹 (820)	yíng\nColumn, pillar.	L21	75 (木)
苟 (821)	gŏu\n*1. Illicit, careless.\n2. If, supposing.	L21	140 (艸)
苟得 (821a)	gŏu dé\nIllicit gain; to obtain by illicit means.	L21	 
賞 (822)	shăng\nReward; to reward.	L21	154 (貝)
祿 (823)	lù\nSalary, monetary compensation.	L21	113 (示)
達 (824)	dá\nTo reach, to get in contact with, to be successful.	L21	162 (辵)
踐 (825)	jiàn\nTo tread upon; to frequent.	L21	157 (足)
精 (826)	jīng\nEssence; pure; to purify; to be skilled or well-versed in.	L21	119 (米)
五 (827)	wŭ\nFive.	L21	7 (二)
飯 (828)	fàn\nCooked rice; food; provisions.	L21	184 (食)
五飯 (827a)	wŭ fàn\nCooking of the five edible grains.\n\nThe list varies, but usually: two different kinds of millet, wheat, barley, and rice.	L21	 
冪 (829)	mì\nStrainer; to strain.\n\nHere, the necessary straining of ale to remove sediment serves as a synecdoche for the brewing of ale in general.	L21	14 (冖, “cover”)
漿 (830)	jiāng\nLiquid, brew.	L21	85 (水)
舅 (831)	jiù\n*1. Father-in-law.\n2. Uncle.	L21	134 (臼)
縫 (832)	féng\nTo sew, to stitch, to mend.	L21	120 (糸)
裳 (833)	cháng, sháng\nClothes, robes.	L21	145 (衣)
閨 (834)	guī\nWomen’s quarters.	L21	169 (門)
饋 (835)	kuì\nProvisions, food; to offer a present [often of food].	L21	184 (食)
无 (836)	wú\n*1. To not have; non-possession.\n2. Non-existence, nothingness; to not exist.\n3. “Don’t . . .” [negative imperative].\n\nThis character is used unterchangeably with 無 (36). Early texts tend to show propensities for using one or the other – for example, 莊子 (Lessons 33-40) tends to use 无.	L21	71 (无)
攸 (837)	yōu\n[Archaic version of 所].	L21	66 (攵)
儀 (838)	yí\nOrnament, decoration; ceremony, ritual regalia.	L21	9 (人)
惟 (839)	wéi\nOnly.\n\nA substitute for the more proper 唯 (750).	L21	61 (心)
議 (840)	yì\nTo deliberate; deliberation, matter for deliberation, concern.	L21	149 (言)
制 (841)	zhì\nTo determine, to decide; to regulate, to govern.	L21	18 (刀)
成人 (77a)	chéng rén\nAdult, grown-up.	L21	 
載 (842)	zài\n*1. [Archaic particle, roughly equivalent to 則.]\n2. To carry, to transport.\n\nMeaning #2, though the most common meaning for this character, does not occur in our texts.	L21	159 (車)
匪 (843)	fĕi\n[Archaic version of 非.]	L21	22 (匚, “box,” “basket”)
伊 (844)	yī\n[Vague, archaic, third person pronoun.]\n\nThis is one of the exceptions to the general rule that literary Chinese avoids a subject third-person pronoun.	L21	9 (人)
教 (845)	jiào\nTo teach, to instruct; teachings, doctrine.	L21	 (66)
擇 (846)	zé\nTo select, to pick.	L21	64 (手)
倫 (847)	lún\nNatural relationships, right principles.	L21	9 (人)
機 (848)	jī\n*1. Loom [for weaving].\n2. Mechanism, device.\n3. Crisis, turning point, significant moment.	L21	75 (木)
示 (849)	shì\nTo demonstrate, to show.	L21	113 (示)
冠 (850)	guān\nHat, cap; chief, top, foremost.	L21	14 (冖)
梁 (851)	liáng\n*1. [Alternate name for the state of Weì 魏].\n2. Beam, rafter.\n3. Bridge.	L22	75 (木)
惠王 (65b)	huì wáng\nKing Hui of Liang/Wei.	L22	 
叟 (852)	sŏu\nOld man, venerable elder.\n\nHere, used as a polite second-person reference.	L22	29 (又)
大夫 (105b)	dà fū\nCourt gentleman; court aristocracy.	L22	 
庶 (853)	shù\nCommoners, peasants.\n\nConsequently, 庶人 also means “commoners,” as distinguished from 王, 大夫, and 士.	L22	53 (广)
征 (854)	zhēng\n1. To march, to go on military campaign; to punish rebels.\n*2. To struggle over, to fight for.\n\nMeaning #2, used here, is an unusual meaning for this character, and may be a confusion for 爭 (62).	L22	60 (彳)
危 (855)	wéi\nDangerous; to be endangered.	L22	26 (卩)
弒 (856)	shì\nTo assassinate.\n\nUsed to describe a social inferior killing his master or a social superior.	L22	56 (弋)
苟為 (821b)	gŏu wéi\nIf, supposing.\n\nThe 為 here does not add appreciably to the meaning of 苟 (821-2) here.	L22	 
奪 (857)	duó\nTo seize, to grab, to usurp, to deprive.	L22	41 (寸)
饜 (858)	yàn\nTo be satisfied, to be content.\n\nThis word often appears in the simpler version 厭.	L22	184 (食)
遺 (859)	yí\nTo abandon.	L22	162 (辵)
河 (860)	hé\nRiver.\n\nThis is a northern term for “river,” as opposed to 江, a southern term. By itself, 河 often refers to the Yellow River (黃河), just as 江 (1181) by itself can refer to the Yangtze (長江).	L23	85 (水)
河內 (860a)	hé nèi\nHenei [“within (i.e., this side of) the Yellow River”; name of a province of 魏].	L23	 
凶 (861)	xiōng\nDisaster; famine; inauspicious.	L23	17 (凵)
移 (862)	yí\nTo move, to transfer.	L23	115 (禾)
東 (863)	dōng\nEast.	L23	75 (木)
河東 (860b)	hé dōng\nHedong  (“east of the Yellow River”; name of a province of 魏).	L23	 
粟 (864)	sù\nGrain.	L23	119 (米)
喻 (865)	yù\nMetaphor, parable, analogy; to make an analogy, to illustrate with a story.	L23	30 (口)
填 (866)	tián\nTo fill up, to add in.\n\nHere, however, it is used for its sound value in the following term.	L23	32 (土)
填然 (866a)	tián rán\nWith a bang, with a flourish.\n\nDescribes the sound of military drums.	L23	 
刃 (867)	rèn\nBlade of a weapon.\n\nNote that the character consists of a mark pointing to the “edge” of the character for “knife.”	L23	18 (刀)
曳 (868)	yè\nTo drag, to trail behind one.	L23	73 (曰)
走 (869)	zŏu\nTo run, to run away, to flee.\n\nNote the difference from the modern Mandarin meaning of 走.	L23	156 (走)
步 (870)	bù\nPace; to pace; to take a walk.	L23	77 (止)
違 (871)	wéi\nTo go against, to violate, to interfere with.	L23	162 (辵)
農 (872)	nóng\nFarmer; farming; agricultural activities.\n\nConsequently, 農時 would mean “the farming season,” “time for agricultural work.”	L23	161 (辰)
榖 (873)	gŭ\nEdible grains.	L23	115 (禾)
罟 (874)	gŭ\nFishing net.	L23	122 (冈)
洿 (875)	wū\nPool, pond, waterhole.\n\nThis character can be used interchangeably with 660 (污).	L23	85 (水)
池 (876)	chí\nPool, pond.	L23	85 (水)
鼈 (877)	biē\nTurtle [usually fresh-water].	L23	205 (黽, “to strive”)
斧 (878)	fŭ\nAxe.	L23	69 (斤)
斤 (879)	jīn\nAxe.	L23	69 (斤)
林 (880)	lín\nForest.	L23	75 (木)
材 (881)	cái\nTimber, usable wood; talent. \n “Talent” can also be 才; writers would often pun on the two meanings.	L23	75 (木)
木 (882)	mù\nTree, wood.\n\n材木 thus means “trees with usable timber.”	L23	75 (木)
憾 (883)	hàn\nResentment; to resent.	L23	61 (心)
始 (884)	shĭ\nTo begin; at first, originally; beginning, origin; to begin to; for the first time.	L23	38 (女)
畝 (885)	mŭ\n[Measurement of area used of arable land; roughly one-fifth of an acre.]	L23	102 (田)
宅 (886)	zhái\nHomestead, farm.	L23	40 (宀)
帛 (887)	bó\nWhite silk.	L23	50 (巾)
雞 (888)	jī\nChicken.	L23	172 (隹)
豚 (889)	tún\nPiglet.	L23	152 (豕)
彘 (890)	zhì\nHog.	L23	58 (彐, “broom”)
畜 (891)	xù\nTo rear, to raise [livestock, children or dependants].	L23	102 (田)
飢 (892)	jī\nHungry.	L23	184 (食)
庠 (893)	xiáng\nShelter for the elderly in ancient times; a country school in ancient times.\n\nApparently a 周 institution, though little is known about it.	L23	53 (广)
序 (894)	xù\n1. Preface, forward, introduction.\n2. Sequence, order.\n*3. A country school in ancient times.\n\nThe first two meanings, though the most common, do not occur in our texts. Meaning #3 is used here; again, we know very little about such schools.	L23	53 (广)
悌 (895)	tì\nMoral behavior befitting a younger brother; sibling respect.\n\nThis is the “sibling” equivalent of 孝 (60).	L23	61 (心)
頒 (896)	bān\nSpotted.	L23	181 (頁)
白 (897)	bái\nWhite.	L23	106 ( 白)
頒白 (896a)	bān bái\nHair spotted with white; the elderly.	L23	 
負 (898)	fù\nTo carry [burdens] on the back.	L23	154 (貝)
戴 (899)	dài\nTo carry [burdens] on the head.	L23	62 (戈)
黎 (900)	lí\nMany, numerous; black.	L23	202 (黍, “millet”)
黎民 (900a)	lí mín\nThe common people.	L23	 
寒 (901)	hán\nCold; impoverished.	L23	40 (宀)
檢 (902)	jiăn\nTo regulate, to restrain; to inspect.	L23	75 (木)
餓 (903)	è\nHungry, starving.\n\nThis character has a stronger meaning in literary Chinese than it does in modern Mandarin.	L23	184 (食)
殍 (904)	piăo\nTo die of hunger; corpse of one who has died of hunger.	L23	78 (歹)
歲 (905)	suì\n*1. Harvest.\n2.  Year [often of age].\n\nThe agricultural meaning is primary (and is used here), but the second, derived meaning is probably more common. Note that this character is not limited to “year of life,” as it is in modern Mandarin.	L23	77 (止)
襄王 (490b)	xiāng wáng\nKing Xiang of Liang (r.318-296 B.C.E.).	L24	 
惡 (906)	wū (1), wù (2), è (3)\n*1. How, what [used like 何 (184) or 安 (620)].\n2. To hate, to loathe.\n3. Evil, bad.	L24	61 (心)
惡乎 (906a)	wū hū\nBy means of what?, how?\n\nModern linguists are unsure of the source of this expression; some merely see it as an expanded version of 906-1; others see it as a derivative of 於惡, i.e., “through what?”	L24	 
定 (907)	dìng\nTo settle, to decide, to pacify.	L24	40 (宀)
嗜 (908)	shì\nTo be fond of, to have a taste for.	L24	30 (口)
苗 (909)	miáo\nSprouts [usually rice sprouts].	L24	140 (艸)
旱 (910)	hàn\nDrought, dry spell, dry season.	L24	72 (日)
槁 (911)	găo\nDry, withered; to wither up.	L24	75 (木)
油 (912)	yóu\nOil, varnish.	L24	85 (水)
油然 (912a)	yóu rán\nAbundantly, plentifully. [Lit., “oilily”]	L24	 
作 (913)	zuò\nTo make, to produce, to arise.	L24	9 (人)
雲 (914)	yún\nCloud.	L24	173 (雨, “rain”)
沛 (915)	pèi\nCopious, abundant [describes water].	L24	85 (水)
雨 (916)	yŭ (1); yù (2)\n*1. Rain.\n2. To rain; to let fall precipitation.\n\nWhile 雨 by itself can mean “to rain,” the expression 下雨 is also used.	L24	173 (雨)
渤 (917)	bó\nSudden, abrupt.\n\nThis is a variant of 勃 (808).	L24	85 (水)
禦 (918)	yù\nTo block, to hinder, to prevent.	L24	113 (示)
牧 (919)	mù\nTo herd; herdsman.	L24	93 (牛)
人牧 (8a)	rén mù\nRuler [figurative: “herdsman of men”].	L24	 
引 (920)	yĭn\nTo stretch, to stretch out; to pull, to pull towards one; to lead, to direct, to steer [a carriage].	L24	57 (弓)
領 (921)	lĭng\nNeck.	L24	181 (頁)
齊宣王 (102b)	qí xuān wáng\nKing Xuan of Qi.	L25	 
文 (922)	wén\n1. Literary; literature.\n2. Culture; civil society.\n3. Pattern, ornament.\n\nHere, the posthumous title of a duke. Though an extremely common character, it does not occur outside of names in our texts.\n	L25	65 (文)
晉文 (公) (262a)	jìn wén gōng\nDuke Wen of Jin (r. 636-28 B.C.)	L25
尼 (923)	ní\nTo obstruct, to block.\n\nA fairly rare character, which later comes to be used for the sinicized Sanskrit word for “nun.” Here, it is part of a personal name.	L25	44 (尸)
仲尼 (113b)	zhòng ní\nZhongni [Polite name of Confucius (孔子)].	L25	 
保 (924)	băo\nTo protect, to preserve, to look after.	L25	9 (人)
何由 (184b)	hé yóu\nBecause of what? [idiomatic inversion].\n\nThis is synonymous with 奚由 (155b).	L25	 
胡 (925)	hú\n[General name for “barbarian” tribes to the north].\n\nHere, a surname.	L25	130 (肉)
齕 (926)	hé\nTo gnaw.\n\nHere, a personal name.	L25	211 (齒)
胡齕 (925a)	hú hé\nHu He (a courtier of the king’s).	L25	 
牽 (927)	qiān\nTo drag, to lead by a rope.	L25	93 (牛)
牛 (928)	niú\nCow, steer, ox.	L25	93 (牛)
釁 (929)	xìn\nTo smear blood [on something] in an act of ritual consecration.	L25	164 (酉)
鐘 (930)	zhōng\nBell.	L25	167 (金)
觳 (931)	hú\n(Used in compound below.)	L25	148 (角)
觫 (932)	sù\n(Used in compound below.)	L25	148 (角)
觳觫 (931a)	hú sù\nTrembling with fear.	L25	148 (角)
死地 (101a)	sĭ dì\nExecution ground.	L25	 
然則 (231b)	rán zé\nIf that is so, then . . .” [frequently used locution].	L25	 
羊 (933)	yáng\nSheep, goat.	L25	123 (羊)
褊 (934)	biăn\nNarrow, tiny, cramped.	L25	145 (衣)
財 (935)	cái\nCost, expense; wealth.	L25	154 (貝)
傷 (936)	shāng\nInjury, wound; to wound, to be wounded, to be hurt [emotionally or physically].	L25	9 (人)
術 (937)	shù\nArt, technique, strategy.	L25	144 (行)
禽 (938)	qín\nBirds.	L25	114 (禸)
獸 (939)	shòu\nBeasts.	L25	94 (犬)
庖 (940)	páo\nKitchen.	L25	53 (广)
廚 (941)	chú\nKitchen.\n\n庖廚 is a synonym compound.	L25	53 (广)
他 (942)	tuō\nOther, another.\n\nNote: This is not used as a third-person pronoun, as in modern Mandarin.	L25	9 (人)
忖 (943)	cŭn\nTo consider.	L25	61 (心)
度 (944)	duò (1), dù (2, 3)\n*1. To consider, to infer, to calculate.\n2. To measure.\n3. To cross [usually a river; used for 渡]; to endure.	L25	53 (广)
戚戚 (465a)	qī qī\nTo match; to be sad [see note 25.20].	L25	 
鈞 (945)	jūn\n[A measure of weight, 30 斤; a 斤 is roughly equivalent to an English pound].	L26	167 (金)
羽 (946)	yŭ\nFeather.	L26	124 (羽)
秋 (947)	qiū\nAutumn.	L26	115 (禾)
毫 (948)	háo\nHair.	L26	82 (毛)
秋毫 (947a)	qiū háo\nAn autumn hair (particularly fine hair shed by animals when growing winter coat).	L26	 
輿 (949)	yú\nCart, cartload.	L26	159 (車)
薪 (950)	xīn\nFirewood.	L26	140 (艸)
否 (951)	fŏu\n“No” [giving a negative answer to a yes-no question].\n\nThis character can also end a sentence, turning it into a yes-no question.	L26	30 (口)
超 (952)	chāo\nTo leap over, to pass over, to surpass.	L26	156 (走)
海 (953)	hăi\nSea.	L26	85 (水)
長者 (343a)	zhăng zhĕ\nElders; people older than oneself.	L26	 
折 (954)	zhé\nTo break off, to snap.\n\nBut see note 26.5 below.	L26	64 (手)
枝 (955)	zhī\nBranch [of a tree].\n\nBut see note 26.5 below.	L26	75 (木)
類 (956)	lèi\nSort, kind; analogy.	L26	181 (頁)
幼 (957)	yòu\nYoung, young people.	L26	52 (么)
運 (958)	yùn\nTo turn, to rotate; to pass on, to transmit.	L26	162 (辵)
掌 (959)	zhăng\nPalm of the hand. \n “To turn [something] on the palm of the hand” was a common proverb in early China for something easily done.	L26	64 (手)
寡妻 (546b)	guă qī\nPrincipal wife.	L26	 
御 (960)	yù\nTo govern, to control.	L26	60 (彳)
邦 (961)	bāng\nState, country.	L26	163 (阝)
推 (962)	tuī\nTo extend, to push.	L26	64 (手)
四海 (452a)	sì hăi\n[Within] the four seas; the whole world.	L26	 
輕 (963)	qīng\nLight; lightness; to treat lightly, to scorn; easy, simple.	L26	159 (車)
輕重 (963a)	qīng zhòng\nWeight.\n\nThis is a typical “antonym compound,” whereby two opposites together form an abstract concept.	L26	 
短 (964)	duăn\nShort; shortness.	L26	111 (矢)
長短 (343b)	cháng duăn\nLength.\n\nAnother antonym compound.	L26	 
抑 (965)	yì\nOr [is it a case that].	L26	64 (手)
構 (966)	gòu\nTo construct, to build up; to provoke.	L26	75 (木)
肥 (967)	féi\nFatty [foods].	L26	130 (肉)
煖 (968)	nuăn\nWarm.\n\nAs with 輕 here, 煖 describes clothes.	L26	86 (火)
體 (969)	tĭ\nBody.\n\nSynonym: 身 (32); although 體 is almost always used only to refer to the corporeal body.	L26	188 (骨)
采 (970)	căi\nBright, multicolored.\n\nThis character here is used for 彩.	L26	165 (釆)
音 (971)	yīn\nNote, sound.	L26	180 (音)
聲音 (813a)	shēng yīn\nSound, music.	L26	 
便 (972)	pián (1); biàn (2-3)\n*1. Glib, specious.\n2. Then, thereupon.\n3. Convenient; convenience.	L26	9 (人)
便嬖 (972a)	pián bì\nSexual favorites.	L26	 
蒞 (973)	lì\nTo rule over, to control.	L27	140 (艸)
中國 (111b)	zhōng guó\nThe central states [does not mean China yet].	L27	 
撫 (974)	fŭ\nTo stroke, to pat; to pacify, to soothe.\n\nThis verb is frequently used as a euphemism for the suppression of “barbarian” peoples.	L27	64 (手)
四夷 (452b)	sì yí\nThe Barbarian tribes in all four directions (general term for barbarian tribes on all sides).	L27	 
緣 (975)	yuán\nTo follow along, to climb.	L27	120 (糸)
災 (976)	zāi\nDisaster.	L27	86 (火)
敵 (977)	dí\nTo oppose, to withstand; enemy, opponent.	L27	66 (攵)
集 (978)	jí\nTo assemble, to gather together; a literary collection.\n\nHere used adverbially, “collectively,” “all together.”	L27	172 (隹)
其一 (73c)	qí yī\nOne of them.\n\nThis is idiomatic enough for the meaning to be not immediately apparent – but it still makes sense literally: “their one.”	L27	 
施 (979)	shī\nTo extend, to supply.	L27	70 (方)
仕 (980)	shì\nOfficials, office-holders.	L27	9 ( 人)
野 (981)	yĕ\nWilderness, country, fields.	L27	166 (里)
商 (982)	shāng\nMerchants.	L27	30 (口)
旅 (983)	lǚ\nTo travel; traveler.	L27	70 (方)
赴 (984)	fù\nTo hurry to, to rush to, to head towards.	L27	156 (走)
愬 (985)	sù\nTo lodge a complaint about.\n\nThis is a different version of the character 訴.	L27	61 (心)
惛 (986)	hūn\nStupid, muddle-headed.	L27	61 (心)
敏 (987)	mĭn\nClever, quick-witted.	L27	66 (攵)
試 (988)	shì\nTo try, to test.	L27	149 (言)
恆 (989)	héng\nConstant, regular, reliable.	L27	61 (心)
放 (990)	fàng\n*1. Dissipated, unrestrained.\n2. To release, to let go.	L27	66 (攵)
侈 (991)	chĭ\nExtravagant, wasteful [behavior].	L27	9 (人)
陷 (992)	xiàn\nTo sink into, to fall into.	L27	170 (阜)
罔 (993)	wăng\nNet; to trap, to catch in a net\n\nUsed for 網.	L27	122 (冈)
是故 (203b)	shìgù\nFor this reason . . .	L27	 
仰 (994)	yăng\nTo look up.\n\nHere, part of a sentence pattern; see 27.7.	L27	9 (人)
俯 (995)	fŭ\nTo look down.\n\nHere, part of a sentence pattern; see 27.9.	L27	9 (人)
仰俯 (994a)	yăngfŭ\nOn the one hand . . . on the other hand (see 27.10).	L27	 
飽 (996)	băo\nTo be full (from eating).	L27	184 (食)
救 (997)	jiù\nTo rescue, to save.\n\nNote that 救死 has the idiomatic meaning “save from death.”	L27	66 (攵)
贊 (998)	shàn\nTo be sufficient.	L27	154 (貝)
暇 (999)	xià\nFree time, leisure.	L27	72 (日)
盍 (1000)	hé\n[Fusion of 何 and 上 in rhetorical question:] “Why not . . .?”\n\nHowever, sometimes writers use it interchangeably with 蓋 (434-2).	L27	108 (皿)
莊暴 (350b)	zhuāng bào\nZhuang Bao [evidently an advisor to the king].	L28	140 (艸)
幾 (1001)	jī\nAlmost, nearly.	L28	52 (么)
庶幾 (853a)	shù jī\n*1. Almost, on the point of; probably, seemingly.\n2. I hope . . ., hopefully.	L28	 
變色 (304a)	biàn sè\nTo grow pale, to look nonplussed or upset.\n\nNote that here that 乎 (here functioning as the multipurpose preposition, like 於) is inserted in between.	L28	 
先王 (150c)	xiān wáng\nThe former kings, the kings of antiquity.\n\nThey are always an ideal for virtue and good government.	L28	 
俗 (1002)	sú\nCommon, vulgar, popular.	L28	9 (人)
世俗 (227a)	shì sú\nPopular.	L28	 
籥 (1003)	yuè\nFlute.	L28	118 (竹)
蹙 (1004)	cù\nTo knit [the brows], to wrinkle.	L28	157 (足)
額 (1005)	é\nForehead.	L28	181 (頁)
散 (1006)	sàn\nTo scatter, to be scattered.	L28	66 (攵)
田獵 (194a)	tián liè\nTo hunt.	L28	 
旄 (1007)	máo\nPennants, flags.	L28	70 (方)
欣 (1008)	xīn\nHappy, delighted.\n\nRepeating the adjective/adverb (欣欣然) is emphatic.	L28	76 (欠)
病 (1009)	bìng\nSick; illness.	L28	104 (疒)
熊 (1010)	xióng\nBear.	L29	86 (火)
兼 (1011)	jiān\nSimultaneously; to possess simultaneously.	L29	12 (八)
如使 (129c)	rú shĭ\nIf; if we suppose.	L29	 
凡 (1012)	fán\nAll, every; generally.	L29	16 (几, “table”)
簞 (1013)	dān\nRound bamboo basket for holding rice.	L29	118 (竹)
羹 (1014)	gēng\nSoup, gruel.	L29	123 (羊)
弗 (1015)	fú\n[Contraction of 上 and 之.]\n\nAs with 勿 (163), this character originally occurred when 之 was inverted and placed before the verb (see 5.7). As time passed, writers and readers soon confused it with 上 and simply used it as a negative.	L29	57 (弓)
嘑 (1016)	hù\nTo abuse; abusively.	L29	30 (口)
爾 (1017)	ĕr\n*1. [Same as 然 231-3 – an adverb marker].\n2. You [informal second person pronoun, same as 汝 (525)].	L29	89 (爻)
蹴 (1018)	cù\nTo trample on, to kick.	L29	157 (足)
屑 (1019)	xiè\nWorthwhile, to consider worthwhile\n\nUsually appears in negated form: 上屑, “unworthy,” “to disregard,” “to reject as unworthy”.	L29	44 (尸)
辨 (1020)	biàn\nTo distinguish, to discern, to tell the difference.	L29	160 (辛)
宮室 (459a)	gōngshì\nMansions.	L29	 
滕 (1021)	téng\nThe state of Teng.\n\n滕 was a small state on the border of 齊 that was in constant danger of invasion and extermination.	L30	130 (肉)
文公 (922a)	wén gōng\nDuke Wen of Teng.	L30	 
竭 (1022)	jié\nTo devote, to put forth effort, to exhaust.\n\nPartial synonym: 盡 (235).	L30	117 (立)
昔 (1023)	xí\nThe past; in the past.	L30	72 (日)
大王 (105c)	tài wáng\nKing Tai [one of the ancestors of the 周 royal house].\n\nThough his name is written 大, it is actually an early form of 太.	L30	 
邠 (1024)	bīn\nThe land of Bin.\n\nName of an ancient land, original home of the 周; located in modern Shaanxi (陜西).	L30	163 (邑)
狄 (1025)	dí\nThe Di.\n\nName of a Western barbarian tribe.	L30	94 (犬)
珠 (1026)	zhū\nPearl; jewel.	L30	96 (玉)
玉 (1027)	yù\nJade.	L30	96 (玉)
耆 (1028)	qí\nOld, but not elderly; in one’s sixties.	L30	125 (老)
二三子 (324b)	èr sān zĭ\nMy followers, my disciples.\n\nLiterally, “[my] two or three children” – ever since Confucius used this term affectionately when speaking to his closest followers, it has become a cliché, and need not be limited to only two or three people.	L30	 
踰 (1029)	yú\nTo cross, to pass over.	L30	157 (足)
梁山 (851a)	liáng shān\nMt. Liang.	L30	75 (木)
岐 (1030)	qí\nMountain path.\n\nHere, the name of a mountain.	L30	46 (山)
岐山 (1030a)	qí shān\nMt. Qi.	L30	 
守 (1031)	shŏu\nTo guard, to keep, to defend.	L30	40 (宀)
世守 (227b)	shì shŏu\nTo preserve for generations; to guard for generations.	L30	 
效 (1032)	xiào\nTo devote, to put an effort into, to try one’s best.	L30	66 (攵)
效死 (1032a)	xiào sĭ\nTo render service at the cost of one’s life.	L30